Skip to main content

The key is: how to prove the solution?


The key is: how to prove the solution?


Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

Prime numbers from Gauss to Riemann. And from RSA encryption to quantum computers that can break any code in the world. 


Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)(1) was a mathematician who spent a couple of hours each day trying to create prime numbers. His student Bernhard Riemann  (1826-1866) (2) created his "Riemann hypothesis" (3) that is also known as Riemann's conjecture that used to create the series of prime numbers. The question is where Gauss and Riemann needed those prime numbers? 

Those two famous mathematicians were not the first persons who were try to create so many prime numbers as they could. There were many people like Stanislaw "Stan" Ulam (1909-1984) (4). That man is better known for his work with Edward Teller and the hydrogen bomb. Who tried to create the geometrical model of how the prime numbers divide into spiral structures. That model is called Ulam's spiral(5). 

Even if the answer for Riemann's conjecture is 1/2 there is the possibility to chain the algorithms. The thing is that in point 1/2 the Riemann's conjecture is giving non-trivial zeros. If there are points where the answer is not a prime number or the answers are turning easy to predict that is the end of the use of pure Riemann's conjecture in cryptography. But that conjecture can connect with other mathematical formulas. 

So when we are going to Riemann's conjecture that is giving prime numbers all the time that the formula is driven there is also the possibility that there are prime numbers also outside the series that the Riemann's conjecture is giving. When the series of the prime number ends is unknown. That thing is possible because when the numbers are turning bigger. And there might be some prime numbers between the answers generated by using Riemann's conjecture. 

The sequence between those solutions is turning longer. And that means there is the possibility. That Riemann's conjecture is leaving some prime numbers away from the series that the formula is giving. The thing that makes that formula so impressive, interesting and mysterious is, where Riemann or Gauss needed those numbers. The modern RSA encryption requires Riemann's conjecture. 

If Riemann's conjecture is used purely. That makes secrecy quite easy to break. Purely used conjecture is easy to break simply by using fast computers that are calculating prime numbers. And then the system can simply try every prime number to the captured message. That is called a brute force attack. But if Riemann's conjecture is connected with other mathematical algorithms and functions. That thing makes the algorithm safer and harder to break. 


(1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss


(2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann


(3)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis


(4)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam


(5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulam_spiral


Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss


And finally, what people should do when they try to solve mathematical problems? 


The key element in mathematical problems is to show people how to get the answer? How to prove that some solution is right or some solution is wrong. Must be done by using a methodology that is accepted in mathematics. 

That thing means that only the answer is not enough. Proving the solution is the key. And the thing that is making that thing. Is that every stage of the calculation must write to the paper. The idea is that the inspector can retake those calculations. And the solution should be the original numbers. 

When some person is making those calculations. The thing is that every part of the formula must make exactly correctly. If something is left outside the mark the answer is always wrong. And the thing is that if the person makes a little bit too much work. 

That thing gives better or correct answers than just removing the "unnecessary parts". Like some "meanless" square root marks from the calculations. In formulas or algorithms is not unnecessary marks. 

And the thing is that proving the thing is the key element. If somebody presses some button unnecessarily that thing is not a mistake. The mistake is that if some mark is lost. And that thing causes horrible errors in the calculation. In mathematics is many things that are sure or they are not sure. But there are also unsolved answers. 


https://thoughtandmachines.blogspot.com/

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

MIT's tractor beam can make the new types of SASER systems possible

   "This chip-based "tractor-beam," which uses an intensely focused beam of light to capture and manipulate biological particles without damaging the cells, could help biologists study the mechanisms of diseases."(Interesting Engineering, MIT’s Star Wars-inspired ‘tractor beam’ uses light to capture, manipulate cells) MIT's tractor beam can make the new types of SASER systems possible. The tractor beam just hovers the nanoparticle in air or medium, and then the laser or some other electromagnetic system transports oscillation into those particles. The ability to make cells and other particles hover in the system makes it possible to create particles whose energy level or resonance frequencies are accurately calculated things.  That thing makes it possible to create things that transmit wave movement accurately and cleanly. This is one version of the use of a tractor beam. Modern tractor beams are like acoustic tweezers where sound waves lock the object in its cr

The new observations tell that the thunderstorms form gamma-rays. That could make gamma-ray lasers possible.

  "An illustration of NASA’s research plane ER-2 flying over thunderstorms. Credit: University of Bergen / Mount Visual (CC BY 4.0), edited" (ScitechDaily, Surprising Discovery: NASA’s Retrofitted U2 Spy Plane Reveals Tropical Lightning Storms Are Radioactive) The new observations tell that the thunderstorms form gamma-rays. That could make gamma-ray lasers possible. The process has been observed by the NASA (Lockheed) ER-2 research plane, which is a modified U-2 spy plane. The gamma-ray formation in thunderstorms. Where lightning and electric fields release electrons that impact the air molecules and water droplets is an interesting thing. That thing opens the route to solving many mysteries.  "The general physics behind how thunderstorms create high-energy flashes of gamma radiation is not a mystery. As thunderstorms develop, swirling drafts drive water droplets, hail, and ice into a mixture that creates an electric charge much like rubbing a balloon on your shirt. Pos

Chinese innovations and space lasers are interesting combinations.

Above: "Tiangong is China's operational space station located in low Earth orbit. (Image credit: Alejomiranda via Getty Images)" (Scpace.com, China's space station, Tiangong: A complete guide) Chinese are close to making nuclear-powered spacecraft.  Almost every day, we can read about Chinese technical advances. So are, the Chinese more innovative than Western people? Or is there some kind of difference in culture and morale between Western and Chinese societies? The Chinese superiority in hypersonic technology is one of the things that tells something about the Chinese way of making things.  In China, the mission means. And the only thing that means is mission. That means that things like budgets and safety orders are far different from Western standards. If some project serves the Chinese communist party and PLA (People's Liberation Army) that guarantees unlimited resources for those projects. Chinese authorities must not care about the public opinion.  If we th