The first signs of superdiffusion and Oppenheimer approximation are detected.

   The first signs of superdiffusion and Oppenheimer approximation are detected. 

First-time physicist simulated superdiffusion and broke Oppenheimer approximation. At this point, somebody might ask what someone would do with super diffusion and Oppenheimer approximation. When we research something, we must realize one thing. When researchers created some theories and models, nobody made anything with those things. But when technology advances those things become more and more important. 

The Oppenheimer approximation means that the observer can separate the electron shell's wave function from the atom's core wave function. Or otherwise saying: electron shell wave function can separated from the atom's core wave function. And if we continue this thing, and make an induction conclusion, we can separate the wave function of all atomic and subatomic particles from each other. 

As an example, we can separate a quark's wave function from an electron's wave function. The wave function is the tool that creates interaction between objects. So when laser ray interacts with atoms as an entirety it interacts directly only with its electron shells. 

Then those electrons send the radiation to the atom's core. So electrons act as transmitters in this process. A laser ray hits electrons. Then, they convey that radiation to the atom's core. 

The Oppenheimer approximation means that researchers can affect all atomic and subatomic particles separately. That means we can, in theory, push single quarks in the atom's core if we find a beam, that is tight enough. 

Oppositely, the Oppenheimer approximation means that we cannot affect all atom's particles at the same time. All parts of atoms are affected separately because electron's places are moving and their distance from the power source is different. 

"A molecule with two platinum atoms absorbs a photon and starts to vibrate. The vibration enables the molecule’s electron spin to flip, allowing the system to simultaneously change electronic states in a phenomenon called inter-system crossing. Credit: Argonne National Laboratory." (ScitechDaily.com/ Quantum Leap: Physicists Successfully Simulate Super Diffusion)

"Some particles are dissolved in a glass of water. At first, the particles are all near one top corner of the glass. If the particles randomly move around ("diffuse") in the water, they eventually become distributed randomly and uniformly from an area of high concentration to an area of low, and organized (diffusion continues, but with no net flux). (Wikipedia/Diffusion)

In diffusion engines, particles like salt liquid are in a chamber. Then the hatch will open, and that strong mixture travels to the weak mixture. The diffusion engine uses aimed diffusion. Sometimes, this system is called the osmosis engine. Some people say that the terms osmosis and diffusion engines are the same thing. 

"The process of osmosis over a semi-permeable membrane. The blue dots represent particles driving the osmotic gradient". (Wikipedia/Osmosis/

The osmosis system, where the membrane is full of tiny generators, can deliver energy for large entireties. Aiming the flow happens by covering the chamber where the nano-membrane is by using a shell that the liquid cannot pass. And moving the shells and holes. That made it possible to change the direction where atoms are moving. 

In nanomachines, diffusion (osmosis) engines are like control rockets in spacecrafts. 

Superdiffusion is the diffusion where atoms are moving very fast. In diffusion liquid mixtures like salt and water move from the stronger to the dilute. And superdiffusion is the case where liquids are moving faster. Sometimes in history, inventors planned to use diffusion as a power source for engines. But those machines were useless until researchers created nanotechnology. 

Nanomachines can use diffusion engines in very sharp control. Those systems operate in the same role as control rockets operate in spacecraft.  The atoms or salt mixture that travels through the membrane can make it possible to control nanorobots very accurately. 

The nanomachine uses tiny hatches and semipermeable membranes to control its movements. The hatch closes and opens the membrane and that makes it possible to use diffusion engines as accurate nanomachines that require this extreme accuracy for surgery and other similar cases. 

Nanomachines can use diffusion to release the medicines or genomes in the right position. In those nanomachines, the diffusion engines operate as control rockets. 

Maybe future medicine can be made in reprogrammed cells that the system injects in the right place.  Or nanomachines can inject things like RNA molecules into the cells. When those cells create medicines and do their duty, they will die by preprogrammed cell death. 

But there is the possibility to create diffusion systems that deliver energy to larger entireties. It is possible to create nano nets like graphene there are many nano-size turbogenerators. When atoms are traveling through that wall they rotate those small propellers. And then those nanosystems give electricity. The idea of nanotechnology is that a large number of those machines can act as an entirety. 

https://scitechdaily.com/breaking-the-born-oppenheimer-approximation-experiments-unveil-long-theorized-quantum-phenomenon/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-physicists-successfully-simulate-super-diffusion/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis

Photon-neutrino interactions open new views to those mysterious particles.

  Photon-neutrino interactions open new views to those mysterious particles. 

In some visions, the neutrino is very close to hypothetical WIMP (Weakly interacting massive particle) which are dark matter particles. There could be two ways how WIMP can be massive. One is that a single WIMP can have a higher energy level than visible material. And the second is that there are lots of WIMPs that are massive in entirety. 

So the WIMP makes interaction between visible material as a group. In some models, there are two types of WIMPs. The high-energy WIMPs form the hot dark matter. And low-energy WIMPs could be particles of the cold dark matter. And in visible material. The energy level is between those hot and cold WIMPs or hot and cold dark matter. 

Normally, think that the universe has three main parts. Those parts are dark energy, dark matter, and visible material. In some models, there is hot and cold dark matter. And visible material is between those dark matter types. The thing, that determines material visibility is the direction of energy flow. If energy travels from higher energy material into lower energy material. 

And there is no echo from that material. The interaction is one-way. That means there is no energy flow back to higher energy particles, and that makes lower energy particles invisible. In that model, energy flows from visible matter into cold dark matter. And that makes cold dark matter invisible to us. 

There is the possibility that there is also the fourth type of material, which we can call grey material. That grey material is something between dark and visible material. 

"New research has discovered new interactions between neutrinos and photons, potentially shedding light on mysteries in particle physics and solar phenomena." (ScitechDaily.com/Neutrino-Photon Interactions: Unlocking the Mysteries of Particle Physics)

We can think that "dark matter" is so-called hot dark matter. Which energy level is higher than the visible material's energy level? 

When hot dark matter loses its energy it turns into visible material, and when visible material loses its energy. It turns into cold dark matter. In that model, dark energy is the last view of material before it falls into 2D form.

In that model, the neutrino could represent very old material that lost its energy. Because neutrino's energy level is very low it's hard to detect. And it loses its energy into the cold dark matter. This model is conducted from the model of the universe's ultimate fate. The fate of material is turned into wave movement. And maybe neutrino is the particle that is transforming from the visible material into dark matter. 

Neutrinos are one of the most interesting. And at the same time very mysterious particles. Those particles have mass, but they do not have strong interactions. That makes neutrinos able to travel through planets. And kilometers-thick lead doesn't stop those particles. There is a possibility that neutrinos can travel through neutron stars, and if that thing is true, they can help us to understand the dense objects in the universe.

But in that case, researchers must confirm that those neutrinos traveled through the neutron stars. The photon-neutrino impacts open new views to those mysterious particles. If we think about the shape of the neutrino, they could be very interesting tools in quantum technology. Neutrinos could transport information over long distances. 

So quantum computers could use neutrinos in long-distance quantum communication. The problem is that those neutrinos are hard to capture and manipulate. And that thing makes it hard to benefit them. But if researchers could someday capture neutrinos in photon traps, they can have the tool that can used in high-class quantum systems that can observe interactions inside atoms. 

https://scitechdaily.com/neutrino-photon-interactions-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-particle-physics/

https://miraclesofthequantumworld.blogspot.com/p/the-cosmic-structure-growth-is.html

Can other universes form of dark matter?

   

 Can other universes form of dark matter? 

The image above: The Hubble image of the Hourglass Nebula. Was the Big Bang look like this?

What makes material visible? The answer is reflection. But also the expansion of the universe causes an effect that wave movement and photons would start to transfer out of material faster. The energy would travel from the higher energetic areas to the area where is a lower energy level. 

The material is visible only if photons are traveling away from it. If the material is lower energetic than its environment. That is causing a situation that energy travels in the material. And that turns material to shadow. 

And that causes that the energy level of the material turns lower and the material is turn to wave movement. When the universe expands, the quantum fields inside it turn weaker. 

And if we could make material where quarks and other particles are a different size than the visible material that thing would be invisible to us. The reason for that is the reflection from that material would have a different wavelength than visible material. 

The idea of the multiverse or parallel universe is not dead. The origin of the theory is in the supernova explosions. There the material is released to the poles of the star. And because mainly the radiation is leaving from black holes from its poles. There is the possibility that the Big Bang erupted material like an hourglass. 

So that thing has caused a theory that during the Big Bang formed two universes. The material and antimatter universes. Then there is the possibility that those universes collapsed causing the antimatter-matter annihilation. That formed the universe. 

But we are not sure about that thing. The idea is that the great annihilation reaction happened between subatomic particles. And at that point. The hadron-baryon particles, like protons and neutrons, were not formed yet. But there is also the possibility that this so-called antimatter universe would be stable. 

Is the invisible material possible? The fact is dark matter is one of the examples of an invisible material that interacts only by gravitation. The thing is that if we want to observe another universe. There is one term that the universe must fill. And that is the size of particles that are forming that other universe. Must be the same size what they are in our universe. 

If the particles that form another universe are a different size than particles in our universe are. They would send reflections on what we cannot observe. Which means another universe would be invisible to us. That means the hypothetical other universes could be invisible to us. 

In the same way, if we would were the creatures that live in that another universe. We would not see this universe. There would be an empty bubble in the place of our universe if we would be aliens in that another universe. 

If we think that somewhere in our universe would form another universe. The particles in that universe would be a different size than particles in our universe. And that thing means that the young universe would be invisible to us. We would see only the empty area in the place where that universe would be. 

But then we can think about the expansion of the universe. When the universe was born, it was very small. And everything in it was smaller. The particles that were in the young universe were smaller than the particles of the universe, where we are living. 

And there is the possibility that we would not observe the particles of the young universe at all. The reason for that was the young universe's particles' quantum fields were smaller than the material that forms the universe today. 

The thing that makes the material visible is the reflection. When energy hits the particles' quantum field it turns over-energetic. And getting the energy balance between the particle and outer universe is simple. The particle sends the photon and that thing stabilizes the energy level. 

When the universe is expanding the energy level inside it will get lower. And that thing will pull the photons out of material. 

But when the universe expands that thing would make the quantum fields inside it lower energetic. When the universe expands, the particles release their energy as photons and wave movement. And that is the reason why there are no absolute zero kelvin degrees anywhere else than in laboratories. 

Pressing the minimum energy level of material with high pressure is possible to make the 50% invisible structures. The reason why the material can be visible is that the quantum field around it will turn weaker. And that thing pulls the photons out from the material. 

But what if the weakening of the quantum field around the particles caused because of the expansion of the universe would deny or compensate by pumping energy to the particles. The energy should be at the same level that the expansion of the universe will remove around it. And that thing can make it possible to make the 100% invisible material that is impossible to see. 

https://scitechdaily.com/magnetene-a-graphene-like-2d-material-leverages-quantum-effects-to-achieve-ultra-low-friction/

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-physicists-use-fundamental-atomic-property-to-turn-matter-invisible/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Image: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/hubble-finds-an-hourglass-nebula-around-a-dying-star

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

Why are we investigating the super heavy nuclear particles?

The particle colliders is the
key role of the production
of superheavy nuclear particles
(Picture 1)

Kimmo Huosionmaa

The problems with new artificial nuclear isotopes are outstanding big, because if we think about the situation, where somebody wants to make the nuclear bomb. The use of new artificial highly radioactive particles makes possible to make the very small size, but devastating fission bombs, what can be put even in the briefcase. This kind of portable and extremely light nuclear weapons can cause very much destruction. But this is not the only problem with those nuclear particles.  In theory, any nuclear particles can be produced by fusion and use of the particle accelerators, but there will be problems with the practical solutions.


If we can produce the artificial nuclear material by using the particle accelerators, the need of the uranium will end. This might cause that many other nations will be joining "the nuclear club", and this doesn't make the world any safer. The main problem is if the artificial nuclear particle will be burst two other atomic particles that are not radioactive, will that make possible to build the nuclear weapon, what doesn't leave radioactive marks after the explosion.


 Here I mean that if there will make the nuclear particle what will burst by example two Platinum atoms, what atomic number in the periodic table of elements is 78. So if there would be possible to produce a large number of the nuclear particle 156 by large numbers, there would be possible to build the "STEALTH-nuke", what will not leave the radioactive material after the explosion. The size of this nuclear weapons might be very small, and this weapon has the same firepower than some Hiroshima bomb. The "Element 156" would be extremely radioactive and the existence of those atoms might be the only couple of seconds. The production of this hypothetical atomic elements will happen by atomic colliders, what makes fusion reaction for the atoms until the wanted element have been produced. But this method is very hard and expensive way to produce a large number of the atomic particles, and that's way to this day have been the only couple of atoms example of isotope 116 (Livermorium) have been produced.

This is only the hypotheses, and this weapon will probably ever created, but this kind of particles have more use in the science. When the scientists will test about the slowing time by accelerating the nuclear particles at extremely high speed in the particle accelerators, will those short period radioactive isotopes live longer. So this kind of particles might work as the fuel of powerful but lightweight nuclear reactors.


Those reactors will stop the time by accelerating those nuclear particles to the speed of light. The accelerator type nuclear reactor will work like the nuclear material floats in the reactor, what has the shape of the tube. This small size accelerator would keep the nuclear material on the move, what will allow that the nuclear particles will not burn holes in the wall of the accelerator. But if that reactor will drive the nuclear material near the speed of the light, would that give the capacity to use extreme heavy nuclear isotopes.


The shape of this spaceship could be like the saucer, where the accelerator twists the edge of the saucer. The rocket would be replaced by the MDD, where the magnets suck the atoms from another side of the tube, and those atoms would exhaust by another side of the tube, there are multiple floors of opposite rotating highly powerful magnets, what causes tornado shape phenomenon, what will push the spacecraft thru space.


Those WARP drives cannot probably fly faster than light, but they might revolutionize the aviation. The aircraft what uses this propulsion doesn't need the fuel or driving matter at all, and only thing what is needed is the powerful nuclear reactor. Those reactors will give enough electric power to create the WARP-drive, what can raise the spacecraft above from the earth. And it can use some extra-heavy nuclear particles as the fuel.

Sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermorium

Picture 1


http://edwin-roth.net/rthDokuWiki/lib/exe/fetch.php?cache=&media=start:media:images:collider_artistic_grathio.jpg