The new fusion system is always fundamental. But the problem is that nobody has experience with fusion reactors.

The new fusion system is always fundamental. But the problem is that nobody has experience with fusion reactors. 

Fusion systems are good-looking things. Always when the new fusion test system is coming to the publicity. They are promising a big advantage. But then the systems are left without a final breakthrough. The self-sustaining fusion reaction has not been successful. 

The problem is that the temperature of the system is so high. And the magnets that are keeping the plasma levitating turning hot. The magnets are pressing plasma to high pressure. And microwave and laser systems are stressing it.

The problem with the fusion reactor is that. The pressure in the reactor is lower than in the nucleus of the Sun. So the lower pressure must compensate by raising the temperature of the fuel higher than the nucleus of the Sun. And that thing is the problem. The structures of the reactor are facing extreme thermal stress. 

The fusion system bases the idea of the torus-shaped reactor or accelerator where the plasma is hovering without contact with the wall of the system. If the plasma will contact the wall that thing melts the reactor right away. The fusion reactor is not itself make radioactive material. But the problem is that the high-temperature plasma would destroy if its leaks outside the reactor chamber. 

The fusion system is the most promising of the futuristic systems. Fusion energy is used in hydrogen bombs. But the commercial and peaceful use of this energy source is not successful. Fusion requires so much energy. That in weapons it is normally made by using the fission bomb.

But in fusion reactors. There is needed some other system that ignites the fuel. The laser rays or microwaves are the most promising things along with ionized fuel. In ionized reactors, two different polar rays will put to travel in opposite directions. The friction will raise the temperature along with electromagnetic stress to the levels that make the fusion possible.  

In some visions, the sodium and chloride ions that are forming salt in nature. Would put to impact in the reactor chamber. In that process, those ions are sprayed into the reactor chamber. By using particle accelerators. And then to those ions will stress the high-power laser and microwave radiation. In that process, the system would melt those atoms together and make the hot sodium-chlorine process. But normally the particles that are impacting in fusion reactors are lighter. 

Fusion energy is promising. But nobody knows when the first commercial reactors are starting to produce electricity. 

While we are waiting for fusion energy we should think about the latest fission technology. In some visions, the fission reactors of the future use thorium-based fuel. They would have a modular structure which means the single reactor units are smaller. But there are more nuclear reactors in the plant. And those systems would be underground which protects them against things like terror strikes. 

And that's why the people who are making decisions about energy strategies should invest also in things like thorium-fission reactors and a new type of location of nuclear reactors. In the new visions, the nuclear reactors will bury kilometers depth underground to the artificial caves. That thing would make them safer. 

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/nuclear-fusion-reactor/

Thorium 232, the next-generation nuclear fuel. For civil and military purposes.

Could Thorium-232 be the next generation nuclear fuel that replaces uranium? The difference between uranium and thorium reactors is that the thorium reactor requires the energy booster that it can maintain the nuclear reaction. In the case of the accident, the requirement for stopping the reaction is that crew will cut off that accelerator. And the reaction would stop immediately. 

Thorium-232 allows creating the next-generation nuclear reactors that are not creating radioactive waste. The price of thorium is lower than uranium. And the only difference between thorium- and uranium reactors is that thorium reactor requires a heating system. 

Or accelerator for making the energy for thorium fusion. The thing is that the thorium would make it possible to create more effective nuclear reactors. And its use in ships and especially in submarines and aircraft is an interesting opportunity. 

Also, thorium reactors can be used in fission rockets. Starting the reactor requires an accelerator that can take its energy from the regular electric power plant. So the accelerator would not be a problem. When the use of thorium as the nuclear fuel is mentioned. 

The use of thorium removes the thing that is giving breaks for full-scale benefiting the nuclear systems. That thing is the highly radioactive pollution. The question is why thorium is not used before? 

The thing is that thorium can be used in nuclear weapons that are not leaving a radioactive mark. In that case, high-energetic electromagnetic radiation like laser rays and quantum annealing systems are used to release an extremely high number of neutrons and energy to thorium. 

The depleted uranium of special ammunition can replace by using thorium. The radioactivity of that ammunition is problematic. In that type of ammunition, the thorium round travels inside the laser ray. And that thing can create nuclear fission when that ammunition hits to target. 

And that kind of system can use in the triggers of thermonuclear weapons. The nuclear weapon that is using thorium as the primary stage requires an extremely high-power energy load to the thorium fuel. The thing is that this type of clean and powerful system is interesting to both, civil and military authorities. 

https://likeinterstellartravelingandfuturism.blogspot.com/