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Hydrogen is carbon-free fuel only if its producer uses carbon-free energy sources.



Hydrogen is an emission-free fuel. When pure hydrogen burns. It produces water. And that makes it the most interesting fuel that replaces natural gas like methane. Nothing limits hydrogen use as fuel in large-scale power plants that use natural gas. But hydrogen is also a promising fuel for small-size systems like local fuel cells and fuel cells that give energy to cars and other vehicles. 

One way to make pure hydrogen is to remove carbon from methane gas. But the other version is the electrolysis process. The problem with hydrogen production is where engineers can get green energy for the electrolysis process  In electrolysis, electricity breaks water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Renewable energy like wind and solar cells are good tools for producing electricity for electrolysis systems. That produces hydrogen. 


Hydrogen fuel cells are systems that allow to make carbon-free vehicles, and larger systems can use hydrogen. In some visions of the hydrogen economy, every single house has its fuel cells. And the AI-based system produces as much energy as the area needs. The bigger central power facilities are used only if the systems can't create enough energy. The system itself is one version of a traditional oil-heating system. 

Hydro plants are one version of green energy. There are plans to use overpressure of the water pipes for power use. The fact is that there are two ways to use that pressure. In some systems, there are some kind of bypass channels. 

But there is also a simpler way to use water pipes as an energy source. That system benefits the terrair shape. If those generators are at the hillside and the generators (water mills) are in the drinking water line that system would act like a normal tunnel hydro plant. 


There are two versions of tunnel hydro plants. 


1) The open system. In that traditional system, water flows through a turbine-like in all other hydro plants. The difference is that,  in those plants, water travels in tunnels. That thing can use natural water sources like lakes. 

The angle of those tunnels determines the power of the system. If the tunnel is at 45-90 degrees angle water drops through it very fast. In those systems, the capillary power can pull water to the hill. And then that water falls through the water line to the turbine. 


2) Closed or pump systems Or pumped storage power plants. In those systems when the system needs water, or the customer needs its energy, the water will flow through the turbine. Water itself is in two pools that are at different altitudes. When the system produces energy water flows from the upper pool to the lower pool. 

Then the pumps will raise water back to the higher pool. There is a possibility that part of the water will travel back to the upper pool using a capillary phenomenon. In that case, the system is not a perpetual motion machine, because the system pulls water up using pressure. 

In some visions, the pumped storage power plant is a tall tower. That tower pulls water up. And then it falls back through the generator wheel.  


https://scitechdaily.com/electrolysis-reimagined-turning-renewable-energy-into-green-hydrogen/

https://learningmachines9.wordpress.com/2024/02/05/hydrogen-is-carbon-free-fuel-only-if-its-producer-uses-carbon-free-energy-sources/

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