The BAE's solar power military drone: Called the Phasa-35 can replace geostationary satellites.

   The BAE's solar power military drone: Called the Phasa-35 can replace geostationary satellites. 

Phasa-35-drone is one of the HASPs or (High-Altitude Pseudo Satellites). Most of those drones are solar-powered aircraft that use small electric engines. Those high-flying pseudo-satellites can replace orbital satellites at least in AWAC (Aiborne Warning and Control) and airborne observation systems. The typical HASP is a system that uses solar power in the daytime. And night time the system uses batteries. 

The high-flying solar-powered aircraft might look slow. But that kind of aircraft can control areas and make ELINT and other kinds of missions like in civil and military sectors. Those high-flying aircraft can use low-observable technology like stealth materials and intelligent, AI-based jammer systems. They can equipped with lidars, radars, and laser pointers that can point targets from the ground. The high-flying solar power aircraft can offer radar- and radio communication over selected areas. 

The solar-powered drone can get electricity from laser systems. The Humwee-based 10 Kw laser can deliver electricity for those HASPs. But same way things like radio masers can deliver energy to those high-flying platforms. The thing is that the ion-based stealth technology can make those systems survive.

The HASP can also act as a laser platform that points to the targets from the battlefield. And the laser or microwave-based EMP weapon can stop the incoming missiles. The laser weapon that hangs over the battlefield can drop low- and medium-altitude aircraft or drones. That kind of system can be a powerful tool. 

The fact is that the HASP system can be hypersonic if it uses the right propulsion. The electric jet engines or nuclear power can make HASPs more powerful than their creators ever imagined. 

However, the HASP can also use RTG (radioisotope thermoelectric generators). That makes it possible to travel at nighttime. The engineers can mount the RTG system in smaller drones like Predators. The RTG can rotate the same electric engines with solar power systems. 

In some visions, very large drones can use full-scale SMR (Small modular reactors). Those portable modular nuclear reactors or microreactors can give 20 kW power output for their electric power. In some visions. The idea of those high-altitude drones is taken from Convair NB-36H nuclear-powered strategic bomber. The modern systems are more capable than those 1950's systems. Those systems can use electric jet engines for traveling. And they can be highly supersonic stealth bombers or even space planes that can operate either atmosphere or orbital trajectories. 

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/fb-5686833/WHAT-PHASA-35-SOLAR-POWERED-DRONES-KEY-STATS.html

https://interestingengineering.com/military/bae-drone-replace-geostationary-satellites

https://www.reuters.com/world/us/westinghouse-unveils-small-modular-nuclear-reactor-2023-05-04/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_modular_reactor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_NB-36H

The new types of engines use cold atoms to make electricity.

 The new types of engines use cold atoms to make electricity. 

The new piston engine creates energy from ultra-cold atoms. The idea is that those ultra-cold atoms will be injected into the chamber. There the explosion of the ultra-cold atoms moves the piston. 

The new type of engine creates energy from ultra-cold atoms. The engine benefits energy flow between objects in different energy levels. The energy always flows from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. 

The first Stirling engines used hot air. The design of that engine is from the 19th century. Then the steam and combustion engines replaced that system. The Stirling engines can use solar power for making needed thermodifference. And that thing makes them promising tools for green engineering. 

But basically, engineers can make the same eff by using a room temperature system. And on the other side will be a box, filled with a block of extremely ice. In that engine the air flow is important. And the thing that makes this airflow is the difference in temperatures on both sides of the engine. 

The most interesting version of the Stirling engine is the Stirling turbine, where pistons are replaced by turbine. As I just wrote those systems benefit airflow between two different temperature levels. The system is the pressure-version of the systems that benefit electron or radio wave flow between energy layers. 

The engines that benefit from this energy flow are called Striling or Coulomb engines. 

Does the engine be a Stirling or Coulomb engine, depends on this: Do those engines use gas flow or electromagnetic flow where things like electrons travel between two layers with different energy levels or different electronegativity? In some versions of the Coulomb engine, the proton cloud or some other positive ion group is on the other side of the tube. 

The Coulomb engine uses electromagnetic flow or electron (or proton) flow for making energy. There are two versions of the Coulomb engine. The first version uses electron flow etc. The second version uses the Coulomb effect or "dam effect". 

Diagram the Piston-Stiling engine. (Wikipedia/Stirling engine). In Stirling turbine the gas flow travels in tube. And then that gas flow rotates the flywheel. 

"Alpha-type Stirling engine. There are two cylinders. The expansion cylinder (red) is maintained at a high temperature while the compression cylinder (blue) is cooled. The passage between the two cylinders contains the regenerator" (Wikipedia,Stirling engine)

"Beta-type Stirling engine, with only one cylinder, hot at one end and cold at the other. A loose-fitting displacer shunts the air between the hot and cold ends of the cylinder. A power piston at the open end of the cylinder drives the flywheel. (Wikipedia/Stirling engine)

"Cutaway of the flat Stirling engine: 10: Hot cylinder. 11: A volume of hot cylinder. 12: B volume of hot cylinder. 17: Warm piston diaphragm. 18: Heating medium. 19: Piston rod. 20: Cold cylinder. 21: A Volume of cold cylinder. 22: B Volume of cold cylinder. 27: Cold piston diaphragm. 28: Coolant medium. 30: Working cylinder. 31: A volume of working cylinder. 32: B volume of working cylinder. 37: Working piston diaphragm. 41: Regenerator mass of A volume. 42: Regenerator mass of B volume. 48: Heat accumulator. 50: Thermal insulation. 60: Generator. 63: Magnetic circuit. 64: Electrical winding. 70: Channel connecting warm and working cylinders." (Wikipedia/Stirling engine)

When electric flow faces a resistor it will pack energy at the front of it. That energy packing and energy level continues rising until the energy can travel through that resistor. That thing is possible by using natural radio fields. But that requires a situation where the energy level rises high enough. Or the system uses components that are using very low energy. The superconducting systems can make this system possible. 

The idea is that radio waves are transmitted between two layers. Those layers will collect that wave movement between them. Then the system puts the antenna in those standing waves and pulls them to an electric circuit. 

The Stirling engine uses gas flow to make energy. Modern submarines use Stirling engines. But the reason why that engine type is not so popular or why piston engines replaced that engine is keeping the other side of the engine cooler is difficult without good coolers. 

The thing that moves in the tube determines if the engine is the Stirling or Coulomb engine. 

And then the other side is loaded with anions. The electrons should travel from anions to ions and the antenna in the middle of the tube can use that electron flow as an energy source. A Stirling engine is a system or tube where another side's temperature is at a lower level than the other. 

And that thing causes gas flow to the cooler side. The difference between energy levels between the sides of the Coulomb and Stirling engines determines how fast energy flows. And that determines the power of those systems.  

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2394278-quantum-engine-could-power-devices-with-an-ultracold-atom-cloud/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-independent_propulsion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine

A liquid computer based on DNA can be one of the most promising tools for computing.

 A liquid computer based on DNA can be one of the most promising tools for computing. 

The multitask means the ability to drive multiple programs at the same time. And if the DNA-based computer can drive 10 billion programs at the same time it can operate multiple variables at the same time. Multitasking processors make control of large drone swarms and other large-size systems effective. If multitasking processors control drone swarms they can reserve one room for each drone. 

DNA-based computers are one of the solutions that can run complicated AI software. One of the biggest problems with AI and compact robots is that the complicated AI-based software that controls robots requires powerful computers. Powerful computers require lots of power. The power source is hard to fit into the compact robot's body. The quantum computers that can theoretically be the atom size can be the answer, but the problem is how to make those atom-size quantum computers operate with robot bodies. 

"Computing functions were matched to DNA molecules in a test tube. (Lv et al., Nature, 2023)" (ScienceAlert.com/Liquid Computer Made From DNA Comprises Billions of Circuits)

The answer could be the DNA computer. Researchers made a liquid computer that uses DNA molecules for computing. The DNA- -based computers can drive 10 billion programs at the same time. And that makes these kinds of computers very interesting tools that can control large-size drone swarms. In those models, the DNA computers can handle every drone in drone swarms as one computer program. That allows the DNA-based system can control multiple drones at the same time. 

Multitasking computers are one of the tools that can drive large entireties. When microprocessors multitask they reserve space or room for each task that they make. The number of rooms the multitasking processor can reserve determines the number of actions that the processor can make same time. And that thing is one of the most important things when microprocessors control things like drone swarms. The ability to control multiple tasks at the same time increases the computer's ability to synchronize the actions of the multiple actors in the entirety. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/liquid-computer-made-from-dna-comprises-billions-of-circuits

Dark energy is one of the biggest mysteries in the universe.

   Dark energy is one of the biggest mysteries in the universe. 

Dark energy is roughly 68% of the universe. The source of dark energy is unknown. Some researchers believe that black holes are the source of that unknown wave movement that rips the universe into pieces. The idea of this theory is that the universe is full of black holes. Some of them are smaller than atoms. Every black hole is the tube or tunnel between the third and fourth dimensions. 

The dark energy would be energy, that falls from the fourth dimension into the third dimension (or dimension where we live) through black holes. When material falls in a black hole, it interacts with energy that falls from the fourth dimension or the energy level that is so high, that material cannot interact with so high-energy material. 

Black holes can cause a situation where the energy level in a material rises so high that it loses its ability to interact with other particles. If we look at image 2, the droplet that is separated from the statue is the dimension or material whose energy level is so high that it cannot interact with other materials. For making the interaction between that bubble that symbolizes the fourth dimension and the 3D material the material must form the statue that connects the 4D energy level and 3D energy levels.

If we want to model the supernova explosion as a 2D layer we can use water and droplets that hit water the model how energy interacts in black holes. The reason why it's so difficult to model black holes and supernovas is simple. We cannot model a pothole that is a ball and hovers in the air. 

The supernova explosion is like a stone or droplet that impacts water. When that stone hits water it makes a pothole in it. Then water fills that pothole impacts the point of that pothole and forms a statue. Energy- and quantum fields interact in the same way. When a supernova explosion happens it pushes quantum fields away.  

Then the quantum fields fall into that pothole they are forming energy statues or energy pillars. If the energy pillar's energy level is high enough it forms the channel to the fourth dimension. So the energy that falls from the fourth dimension to the third dimension keeps that channel open or energy statue in its form. 

The fourth dimension is the energy level. And that means when the energy level of the material rises high enough, that thing forms a situation where particles are rising out from the third dimension. That thing forms a hole in dimension. 

The thing that makes black holes black is the extremely powerful gravitational field. But how black hole can send radiation and pull particles in it? The fact is that an extremely powerful gravitational field is the result of time dilation. The black hole travels in time. The energy statue that is so high that its top cannot interact with 3D material travels back in time. That means there is a hole in the dimension. Time travels backward in a black hole because its escaping velocity is higher than the speed of light. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

Does the AI take jobs from programmers?

    Does the AI take jobs from programmers? 

Before we start to discuss topics: Will the AI take jobs from programmers? We must realize that the AI will not do any work for humans. Even if AI is an excellent tool for programming the human operators must check the code. 

Things like Chat GPT and Bing could be excellent programming tools but their limits are this. They need a very complicated and precise description of what the user wants. And that is quite hard to make without knowledge of programming. Without precise and clear orders the AI cannot create the code from public databases. 

So again: Does the AI take jobs from programmers? 

The answer is yes and no. If the AI makes the computer programs, it requires very accurate orders. And people who give orders for the AI must understand something about programming. When we think about public AIs like Bing and Chat GPT they can make effective complicated code structures. 

Those code structures are easy to modify from the trunk where the databases are not yet named. And paths are missing. If the user of those AIs knows about programming that makes that person's work easier. 

However, the user of those AIs must make some changes to the code, so that the system can turn it into computer programs. Things like database paths are things, that must be correct and if those things are not right that application will work. 

The AI is the next-generation tool for programming, and the AI-based software takes programming into the next generation. Next-generation programming is more like writing an essay or using spoken languages than the symbol function that modern programming languages use. Programming is the thing that requires development. 

The basic requirement for programming AI is the interactive mode. The interactive mode discusses with programmers. It makes the process easier than modern AI where the user must give all parameters and instructions before the AI starts to make its duty. Before interactive AI starts operation, it asks for the product description. But then it keeps in contact with customers during the entire process. The interactive mode is the tool that makes AI even more effective than it is today. 

The next-generation AI can accept symbols (like ">>" in C++), but it can also accept descriptions. If the user says that the needed database names are "A.SQL" and "B.SQL" the AI-based system must have access to a computer. The AI-based system needs authorization so that the AI can find the right route to the index where those files are. 

So can AI create successful computer programs? The fact is that. If we want to make AI-based programming tools, we must realize that there are multiple variables that we must remember. 

AI-based programming requires an interactive ability with a special user interface where the necessary variables are listed, and where the user can describe the program's purpose. The common AI can make computer programs, but that requires so complicated description that it's hard to make. 

The interactive AI will make the program with the programmer. The system asks the purpose of the program. When AI finishes some part of the process, interactive AI asks if the program is nice. And does it pleasure the user?

 Constructing the software is a thing that requires more limited but same time more advanced AI than modern AIs are. The interactive function is the tool that makes AI an effective tool for making software. But without that ability making the program using AI is very hard. 

https://www.wired.com/story/chatgpt-coding-software-crisis/

Could the mysterious RNA circles produced in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases be the key to those symptoms?

 Could the mysterious RNA circles produced in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases be the key to those symptoms? 

The RNA circle acts like a computer program's loop when it travels through a cell organ without the ability to separate itself from that organ. The cell organ continues that process until the RNA circle is removed from that cell organ. And if that RNA circle does not remove its touch, it damages the cell organ. 

The cell uses RNA molecules to control it's organs. When RNA circle travels through a cell organelle or cell organ it controls the actions of that thing. If a circle-looking RNA molecule travels through a cell organ without the ability to separate itself it keeps the cell organ busy. When a circle-looking RNA molecule travels through cell organs it acts like a computer program's loop. That RNA circle is the thing that keeps the cell organ busy, and it doesn't have time to do anything else. 

"Researchers have identified over 11,000 circRNAs in brain cells linked to Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. These circRNAs may offer insights into the diseases’ molecular foundations and have potential applications as biomarkers and in RNA-based treatments." (ScitechDaily.com/Brain’s Hidden “Junk” – Mysterious RNA Circles Produced by Cells Damaged in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Disease)

The mysterious RNA circles that form in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's can be the thing that damages those neurons. The RNA molecule is the element that the cell uses in its internal communication. Or those RNA molecules are tools, that cells use to control its cell organs. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's isolate the neurons from each other. When a neuron sends a signal or neurotransmitters over synopsis it needs the signal that tells that signal reached the receiving neuron. And if that echo is not coming the neuron sends that signal again. 

If the neuron doesn't get feedback it increases the transmitting power. That thing causes a situation where neurons must create RNA. The plaque between neurons prevents neurotransmitters from traveling through the hole between neurons. When a neuron creates the RNA molecules that adjust its transmitting power to a higher level and it will not get feedback, those RNA molecules cause a situation, called a "loop". 

When the entire neuron is full of RNA molecules neuron has no time to make anything else than raise its transmitting power. That causes a situation where energy production in mitochondria must also rise. And finally, that thing fills the cell with metabolism products. Also when mitochondria rise it's power it raises the temperature in neurons. And that affects the amino acids' functions. Then sooner or later that situation causes damage in the cell. And finally, the neuron dies. 

https://scitechdaily.com/brains-hidden-junk-mysterious-rna-circles-produced-by-cells-damaged-in-parkinsons-and-alzheimers-disease/

MIT introduces pathfinder technology in underwater communication.

 MIT introduces pathfinder technology in underwater communication. 

Acoustic communication that uses coherent sound waves is not a new thing. Submarines have used that technology for years. The idea is that, if the system communicates with coherent acoustic beams, outside observers cannot hear that sound. Also, coherent, mono-frequent systems can communicate through longer distances, if researchers can find the frequency where there are no other disturbing sound effects. Those silent frequencies exist in acoustics as well they exist in electromagnetism. 

There are many versions of acoustic communication systems. Some of them use chemical batteries, and some others use systems that deliver electricity when they react with sodium that is in seawater. In some versions, the system uses a vertical tube. When water travels through that tube it rotates dynamo. The  MIT system uses piezo-electric crystals that deliver energy when pressure impulses hit them. 

"MIT’s breakthrough underwater communication system uses minimal power to transmit signals over kilometer-scale distances. Leveraging underwater backscatter and innovative design principles, the technology has potential applications in aquaculture, climate modeling, and hurricane prediction". (ScitechDaily.com/Submerged Signals: MIT Unveils Pioneering Development in Underwater Communication Technology)

"The device is an array of piezoelectric transducers that enables battery-free underwater communication. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers." (ScitechDaily.com/Submerged Signals: MIT Unveils Pioneering Development in Underwater Communication Technology)

That ability makes it possible to make a system where the receiver transforms acoustic signals into electricity very effectively. Also, regular receivers transform acoustic signals into electricity. But those piezo-electric crystals can send electricity to miniaturized microchips. 

The MIT researchers created a system that uses very low power. The idea is to benefit piezo-electric crystals for power sources in low-power-long-distance communication. The low-power acoustic communication can used in underwater sensors. The piezo-electric crystals can be used in the receiver and transmitter's power source. When an acoustic signal hits those piezo-electric crystals they deliver electric impulses. 

The low-power communication system can be a solid tube, or it can look like a tube, made of chicken coop. The leader transmitter can be in the middle of the bottom of that system. And the side transmitters that send soundwaves to that standing wave can be at the sides of the structure. The piezo-crystals can also give electricity to miniature sensor systems that are integrated with loudspeakers. That system can look like carbage, and it can collect information from hostile naval bases. 

https://scitechdaily.com/submerged-signals-mit-unveils-pioneering-development-in-underwater-communication-technology/

The WLAN can turn to radar that sees through walls.

The WLAN can turn to radar that sees through walls. 

There are two versions of radars. The regular radars that radio pulses reflect from surfaces. And that thing makes radar possible to see targets through the clouds and fog. That is regular scanning radar. Another version of radars is the "X-ray radar". The "X-ray radar" uses radio waves similar way as X-ray systems use X-rays. The radio transmitter can be on another side of the house. 

Then the system transmits radio waves that travel through the house. The receiver is on the opposite side of the target. So this kind of thing can be the radio-frequency X-ray machine. This kind of system works with extremely high accuracy. If we think about texts on paper. The reason why that radar system can read it is that ink is a different material than paper. 

The system uses the differences in thickness of ink and paper. The same system can read files from the computer's screen. The reason for that is that the energy level in the air that is in front of the screen is lower in the points of black letters. If the system is accurate enough, that thing is possible. That thing allows those systems to read things without disturbing targets at all. 

The WLAN system makes it possible to create a system that can be used in this role. The WLAN signals are also radio signals. The radar system can use those signals to detect things like hidden weapons in the house. That kind of mission is impressive. And this kind of system can be the next-generation world for the military. 

https://www.tomshardware.com/news/demo-shows-how-wi-fi-can-read-through-walls

The SLAC National Acceleration Laboratory created the most powerful X-ray laser.

 The SLAC National Acceleration Laboratory created the most powerful X-ray laser. 

Researchers are developing X-ray lasers because they offer new abilities for information, weapons, and material research. In communication tools X-ray lasers can use technology where the system sends highly accurate X-ray impulses to the two receivers. When the X-ray beam hits receiver A it gives a value of 1 (one). And when the X-ray beam hits receiver B the value could be zero (0). 

That kind of system requires AI-based kernels. But X-ray systems can communicate through walls. And that radiation is very hard to capture. So X-ray lasers provide a new and secure communication tool and they also can be used in photonic computing. The problem is that there are no mirrors that can reflect X-rays, and that makes X-ray lasers hard to develop. 

"The newly upgraded Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory successfully produced its first X-rays. The upgrade, called LCLS-II, creates unparalleled capabilities that will usher in a new era in research with X-rays. Credit: Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory"(ScitechDaily.com/A New Era of Atomic Science: SLAC Fires Up the World’s Most Powerful X-Ray Laser)

"The linac is equipped with two world-class helium cryoplants. One of these cryoplants, built specifically for LCLS ( Linac Coherent Light Source)-II, cools helium gas from room temperature all the way down to its liquid phase at just a few degrees above absolute zero, providing the coolant for the accelerator. Credit: Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory" (ScitechDaily.com/A New Era of Atomic Science: SLAC Fires Up the World’s Most Powerful X-Ray Laser)

"Cutaway image of a cryomodule. Each large metal cylinder contains layers of insulation and cooling equipment, in addition to the cavities that will accelerate electrons. The cryomodules are fed liquid helium from an aboveground cooling plant. Microwaves reach the cryomodules through waveguides connected to a system of solid-state amplifiers. Credit: Greg Stewart/SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory" (ScitechDaily.com/A New Era of Atomic Science: SLAC Fires Up the World’s Most Powerful X-Ray Laser)

The most powerful X-ray laser is starting its actions. The system called Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is the free-electron X-ray laser that can make coherent X-ray impulses. Those high-accurate impulses can be used to research atoms and make high-accurate R&D work with fundamental materials. 

The system can send millions of X-ray flashes in seconds. And that makes it possible to use that system in X-ray-based rapatronic technology. In that technology, the X-ray system uses X-ray movie cameras for collecting data from objects. The X-ray movie cameras are the cameras that use X-ray films. And they can observe the material's development. The X-ray rapatronic camera is a rapatronic camera that was developed for research nuclear tests. 

And in X-ray-based technology, those rapatronic cameras use X-ray films. Researching the internal structures of atoms and molecules requires very high-accurate X-ray impulses. The new X-ray lasers can be the most accurate systems that can follow the processes where crystals are forming. The thing is that there are many ways to create X-ray systems, and one of them is to use free electron lasers. The free electron lasers are particle accelerators where electrons travel meandering. Whenever an electron changes its direction it sends a photon. 

The benefit of free-electron lasers is this: the system can adjust the wavelength of their radiation. It is also possible to use cathode tubes that send radiation emission into the X-ray beam that travels in the middle of the system. So the system looks like the LRAD. The problem with cathode-based, solid-state systems is that they do not have enough high accuracy for high-class scientific work. However, weapon applications can use those X-ray lasers. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-new-era-of-atomic-science-slac-fires-up-the-worlds-most-powerful-x-ray-laser/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapatronic_camera

Researchers created the ability to mass-produce nanomaterial called "MXene".

 Researchers created the ability to mass-produce nanomaterial called "MXene". 

The nanomaterial "MXene" is the material that turns harder when somebody or something presses it. The "MXene" is one of the examples of 2D "molecular structures". When somebody talks about the 2D nanomaterial, normally people talk about the graphene, an atom layer of carbon. 

The "molecular 2D" structures mean that the material is one layer of molecules like lipids. Those lipide molecules are forming soap, and sometimes those lipids are used as tweezers in nanotechnology. But if engineers will cover the entire layer using one lipide layer that material will get new abilities. The thing that makes the nanomaterial interesting is its form. When somebody tries to push one layer-lipids that are in the same way together the lipide's "feet" are pushing against each other. 

"KIST researchers developed a method to predict molecule distribution on MXene, a nanomaterial, using its magnetoresistance property, paving the way for easier quality control and mass production. The research also highlighted MXene’s diverse applications based on the Hall scattering factor. Credit: Korea Institute of Science and Technology." (ScitechDaily.com/A Dream Nanomaterial: Breakthrough in Mass Production of MXene)

There is one thing that can revolutionize the armor and space technology. Those things are the "nanopyramids" the molecules that are forming a pyramid-shaped structure. If those pyramids are overlapping against each other. That thing makes it impossible to push anything through them if that material is created by using nanodiamonds. 

In some other versions, the material's molecule structure looks like a prism or gable roof. If two "roofs " are against each other overlapping. That thing makes material also very hard to penetrate because the structure turns harder when somebody pushes it. 

The nanotechnology is a tool that makes the new types of materials possible. Those nanomaterials can make the fundamental applications in civil and military products possible. The nanomaterial called "MXene" is one of the promising things for new types of armor. The nanomaterial's structure that you see in the image is like small "pyramids". 

When something hits or presses that material, the molecule's feet are pressing against each other. And that thing makes it hard to press that structure together. So the "MXene" is the material that turns harder when something presses it. That nanomaterial looks like soap lipids. When we think possibility of covering large surfaces by using one molecule layer of those lipids, that thing makes it possible to create a new type of surface, that can turn hard and stand against hard strikes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-dream-nanomaterial-breakthrough-in-mass-production-of-mxene/

Dark matter and gravitons are the biggest mysteries in the universe.

    Dark matter and gravitons are the biggest mysteries in the universe. 

Could an extremely small primordial black hole that is smaller than gluon be the source of gravitational radiation and gravitational waves? 

If a graviton is an extremely small primordial black hole. That explains dark energy. The atom-size or smaller black holes can be stable. If they get enough energy. Those small black holes interact similar way as the larger black holes. And there are energy beams also in those small black hole's poles. The energy that leaves those poles could be the thing called dark energy. 

If those small black holes are between quarks and gluons they could send radiation into both particles. The pushing radiation that comes out from primordial black holes would impact into quark and gluon. There those particles will take that energy into their quantum field. 

When those quarks and gluons send radiation that they get from that primordial black hole back there is forming a channel where a larger energy beam covers smaller but higher energy beam. So that primordial back hole would be in the tunnel. Where it sends radiation into that quark and gluon. Because gluon is smaller than quark lots of radiation that comes from quarks travels through the gluon. 

Can dark matter made of gravitons? The answer is that nobody knows. The graviton is a hypothetical particle. That could be the link between the fourth- and the third dimension. 

The fourth dimension is the energy level where 3D material cannot interact with 4D material. So graviton could be the hole between energy levels or spaces. In some theories hypothetical graviton is an extremely small black hole, that brings energy from a higher dimension. 

A black hole is an object between 4D and 3D worlds. And graviton would be the extremely small black hole. But in some other models, the graviton could be a whirl- or spiral-looking gravitational field. So the graviton would be a virtual particle. 

The idea is this: a black hole pulls material and radiation in it. During that process, the black hole loads that material with a very high energy level. Then there is material that falls from the fourth dimension. And when those two materials are impacting the energy travels from higher energy material into lower energy particles. And that energy flow causes gravitational radiation. 

The thing is that dark matter will not probably form purely gravitons. But dark matter involves an element that makes gravitation interact also between visible and dark matter. So there could be gravitons also in dark matter. That gravitational interaction tells that there is something that causes the gravitational effect, but that thing doesn't interact in any other way. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/dark-matter-gravitons/

https://scitechdaily.com/understanding-the-mysteries-of-the-cosmos-new-clues-to-dark-matter-from-primordial-black-holes/

https://scitechdaily.com/primordial-black-holes-the-size-of-an-atom-what-new-experimental-evidence-suggests/