MIT's tractor beam can make the new types of SASER systems possible

  

"This chip-based "tractor-beam," which uses an intensely focused beam of light to capture and manipulate biological particles without damaging the cells, could help biologists study the mechanisms of diseases."(Interesting Engineering, MIT’s Star Wars-inspired ‘tractor beam’ uses light to capture, manipulate cells)

MIT's tractor beam can make the new types of SASER systems possible. The tractor beam just hovers the nanoparticle in air or medium, and then the laser or some other electromagnetic system transports oscillation into those particles. The ability to make cells and other particles hover in the system makes it possible to create particles whose energy level or resonance frequencies are accurately calculated things. 

That thing makes it possible to create things that transmit wave movement accurately and cleanly. This is one version of the use of a tractor beam. Modern tractor beams are like acoustic tweezers where sound waves lock the object in its crossing position. Those systems can used to create very high-energy crystals. The idea is that those systems will use the nanocrystals to transport data or energy into the inner shell of the business. 

The tractor rays are theoretically quite easy to produce. And that makes them good research topics. Tractor rays are theoretically quite easy to make. The system must create a tornado that isolates the internal area of the whirl from outer space.

When we think about the tractor beam and the cosmic vacuum, we must realize that cosmic vacuums are full of ions and anions. It is theoretically possible to create an energy tornado through the plasma- or Higgs field. That energy or wave movement-based tornado makes a hole through the universe. 

The system must "only" create the tornado through the Higgs field. Then the system must decrease the energy level in the bottom of the tornado. That makes Higgs field travel to the lower energy areas like energy always travels. In the atmosphere, the system can make a tornado-shaped structure.  

There is the possibility that the system can pull all gas and ice away from the system's center. This makes low-pressure areas in the tornado. Those low-pressure areas make that tractor beam work. If the energy level in a tornado is lower than the environment. That drives quantum fields to try to fill those low-pressure areas.

https://interestingengineering.com/science/mits-star-wars-inspired-tractor-beam-uses-light-to-capture-manipulate-cells

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_amplification_by_stimulated_emission_of_radiation

The Chinese work with advanced sound lasers.

"The microsphere, levitated by the dual beam optical tweezer (green), is driven by the active optomechanical system (red) to generate nonlinear phonon lasers (colored waves). Meanwhile, the injected electrical signal, represented by the white lightning mark, acts as a simple but powerful way to enhance the quality of the nonlinear phonon laser, shown as the colored spectrum. Credit: Guangzong Xiao, Tengfang Kuang, Yutong He, Xinlin Chen, Wei Xiong, Xiang Han, Zhongqi Tan, Hui Luo, Hui Jing" (ScitechDaily, Chinese Scientists Unveil the World’s Most Powerful Sound Laser)

Any material that is either tight enough or has an echo space inside it can be used as a nanoparticle that forms the soundwaves. The requirement for that material is that it is homogenous. In some models, there are the nano-balls and there is the small tube in the center of the ball. The system sends energy impulses to the nanoball and then that ball sends acoustic impulses to the center of it. 

The tube and nanopyramid in it can aim acoustic waves in the right direction. The system can also use things like liquids and whirl around the acoustic tube. The system shoots resonating waves to that whirl. The whirl should be homogenous so, the liquid can be liquid hydrogen or nitrogen. The system can send acoustic waves through that liquid. In some other models. There are lots of fullerene balls. The system is used to make coherent sound waves. 

The diagram of the laser. In sound amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, SASER, the system uses a similar structure to create acoustic waves. There are many methods to make that coherent sound wave. 

Chinese researchers created the most powerful acoustic lasers in the world. The new acoustic laser base is in the nanostructures that the laser rays will put to oscillate. The homogenous echo chambers can be around the tube. And the system sends the soundwave from the bottom. The side-coming soundwaves inject energy and push the acoustic waves into a tight and coherent form. 

"The measured power spectrum (PSD) of phonons shows more than 3 orders enhancement in brightness and narrowed linewidth, revealing wide application scenarios covering audible and ultra-sound scope. Credit: Guangzong Xiao, Tengfang Kuang, Yutong He, Xinlin Chen, Wei Xiong, Xiang Han, Zhongqi Tan, Hui Luo, Hui Jing"  (ScitechDaily, Chinese Scientists Unveil the World’s Most Powerful Sound Laser)

The difference between acoustic and electromagnetic waves is the size of oscillating particles. In acoustic waves the system makes atoms or molecules oscillate. The acoustic laser can use the oscillating diamond or carbon crystals to make the coherent acoustic wave. The difference between electromagnetic and acoustic waves is that acoustic waves don't heat objects. 

The nanotube-based acoustic lasers can be used to create the SONAR CCD systems. Those high-accurate sonars can used for many purposes from medical to military applications. 

That makes the acoustic wave, that acts like a laser ray. The idea of Sound amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, SASER is the same as laser rays. Rather saying, SASERs look like masers rather than lasers. The wave movement or energy beam travels through a tube. There the oscillation systems pump energy into it. 

"The phonon laser boosts the phononics to coherent regime with wider frequency range, thus can achieve higher accuracy and further broaden the application scenarios, such as lesion identification of multiform organs and tissues, deep-sea detection of flora and fauna. Credit: Guangzong Xiao, Tengfang Kuang, Yutong He, Xinlin Chen, Wei Xiong, Xiang Han, Zhongqi Tan, Hui Luo, Hui Jing" (ScitechDaily, Chinese Scientists Unveil the World’s Most Powerful Sound Laser)

And if we look at the diagram of the laser systems the lightning tube must only replaced by loudspeakers or acoustic resonators. In lasers, those lightning tubes create light, that amplifies a laser ray, that travels in the laser tube. There are two mirrors on both sides of the laser tube. The light jumps between those mirrors and lighting tubes pump energy into that stading wave.

Nanotechnology makes it possible to create nanotube structures where so-called nanocrystals inject acoustic waves into the nanotube. The crystal at the bottom sends the wave that the system amplifies. In some models, the system uses a "lightning tube" that is filled with liquid or some kind of vapor. 

There could be nano-bubbles in those tubes and then the system can make those bubbles oscillate. There is the possibility of replacing mirrors using the loudspeakers. Those loudspeakers make standing waves between them. Then the system opens the loudspeakers and releases that soundwave.  

In some other models, the acoustic wave travels in the central tube of the structure. There are atom or molecule chains in tubes around the central tube. The outcoming energy makes those atom chains oscillate and that sends energy into the center of the central tube. And then there is the acoustic stress resonance from the bottom of that chain. That resonance aims at the acoustic beam. 

There are lots of applications for the SASER systems. Those systems can create extremely accurate ultra-sound research. Or they can act in the deep sea research. 

https://scitechdaily.com/chinese-scientists-unveil-the-worlds-most-powerful-sound-laser/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_amplification_by_stimulated_emission_of_radiation

The next dream of computing is photonic computers.

"An overview of the proposed system showing an input image layer placed amongst other layers which combine in different ways to perform logical operations when light is passed through the stack. Credit: ©2024 Mashiko et al. CC-BY-ND" (ScitechDaily, From Light Waves to Logic: The Cutting-Edge of Optical Computing) 

Japanese researchers are working with fundamental optical gates that can revolutionize optical computing. The optical gates are the tools that can make it possible to create fully optical computers. In traditional versions, the optical system transmits information only between microchips. 

Photonic computers use light for communication. In those systems, all wires between components are replaced using optical fiber or nanotubes. Binary photonic computers are easy to make. The shadow or cut in the light means zero. And full power light means one. In the easiest models, there are two optical wires. Wire A means 1, and wire B means 0. Those photonic beams will be sent to the photovoltaic cells that transform those laser rays into electric impulses. 

When we think about complex systems that must be very fast there can also be some third wire between wires A and B. The system works like this. The wires are A, X, and B. When the system sends data in line A, the system translates this line A as 1. The line X means "pause".The pause is a separator, that separates bits from each other.  And the line B is 0. The pause allows the system to send two 1s or two 0s successively. The data flow seems like this. 

1(pause X) 0 (pause X) 0 (pause X) 1 (pause X). 

The purpose of "pause" is to keep those bits in order. The system can also connect serial numbers to each bit. The problem is always in the laser system if the system sends two bits at the same time it is possible that the data will be corrupted. If every bit involves a serial number, that helps to keep data in the right order. 

This kind of system requires an AI-based advanced operating system. When we think about the 0 and 1 in photonic computers we can say, that the IR frequency can be one and the UV can be 0. Or we can use any other two or three radiation frequencies. The third frequency is the pause or separator, which separates 1 and 0 or any other two bits from each other. That has the same purpose as the third wire. 

The information transporting laser rays can travel through nanotubes or in other hollow laser rays. The purpose of those systems is to protect information. 

However, there is a possibility that highly advanced systems can use linear light waves that cut each other. 

The third wire which can be an electric wire tells the system if the electricity is on. If the electricity is cut, the intelligent system can save data to mass memory.  

In nanotube-based photonic systems, lasers transport information. The newest system uses light waves to cut the information-carrying light waves. When other light waves travel around the information-carrying waves protect the information, that travels in it. The idea is that the system can make the shadows send light waves across each other. 

https://scitechdaily.com/from-light-waves-to-logic-the-cutting-edge-of-optical-computing/

Researchers found a "pause" button that can stop the human embryo advance.

Researchers found a "pause" button that can stop the human embryo advance. And that thing can have many solutions. In the case of a mother's illness or injury, the medical team can save the embryo's life by stopping its advance. But that ability can make things like interstellar travel possible. 

It's one theoretically, a very easy, way to transfer people to the other solar system if we don't want to get them back. The mission controllers can use the human embryos for the other solar system. Those colonists can have the robot controllers, and they can have the training material for the mission. That thing might not yet be possible. Because of our culture and moralistic-ethical thinking. Of course, technology sets limits to that kind of project. 

"Research indicates that humans might harness a dormant diapause-like capability to optimize reproductive health and IVF success. (A dormant human blastoid.) Credit: © Heidar Heidari Khoei/IMBA" (ScitechDaily, Hitting Pause on Life: Researchers Discover How to Delay Human Embryo Growth)

In some versions, the Space Ark transports people on the journey, which takes a minimum of hundreds of years. That hypothetical generation craft has two groups. The crew who operate and control the flight. And the colonists who land on those planets. Maybe someday in the future, we will make that kind of mission. 

The pause for embryo growth is more fundamental than we ever could imagine. This thing means that researchers could put embryos into the freezers for a long time. And that is, of course, a fundamental step for stem cell research. But the ability to stop embryo growth and advance is the tool, that makes things like interstellar journeys possible. When we think about the enormous distances in the universe and situations where we cannot return home we can send embryos to that journey. 

The idea is that the genetically engineered humans will make that journey as embryos, and then the computers teach them using artificial intelligence, Virtual reality, and brain shell stimulation. Theoretically, the ability to control the embryo advance brings the dream of immortality closer than we ever think. If we think about immortality it's possible to create nanotechnology, that fixes DNA in our cells. 

Or the persons make clones of themselves. Then that person will write letters to that cloned descendant or make the digital recordings. Then the defendant will use those recordings to reach the same intelligence and knowledge that the "original person" had.  Those things cause discussions and many opinions. 

https://scitechdaily.com/hitting-pause-on-life-researchers-discover-how-to-delay-human-embryo-growth/

Iron Dome is one of the most effective air defense systems.

The Iron Dome is a missile defense system whose missiles operate with highly sophisticated and effective artificial intelligence. The power of this missile defense base is in selective fire. The system calculates the incoming missile's trajectory. And it shoots only missiles that will hit the inhabited area. The system saves missiles and focuses defense on areas that mean something. The system shares the incoming missiles in, maybe two groups. Another is harmless and another is harmful. 

Things like killer drones are also problematic because their trajectories are harder to calculate than ballistic missiles. The thing that makes drones dangerous is that they can make masks for ballistic missiles. And even if those drones are slow, all of them must be shot down. 

The thing is that the cooperation between drone swarms and ballistic missiles is the next danger in conflict areas. In the film, you can see how drones make light images of the skies. The killer drones can also carry LED lights and they can be used to disturb air defense against the ballistic missiles. 

In the regular models, the enemy shoots very many drones against targets. Ukraine has shown that any drone must not be allowed to reach its targets. And that causes the threat that. Maybe there are not enough missiles in the storage. The idea is that drones can be used to wear out the missiles. The AA guns have similar problems with missiles. They have limited ammunition storage.  And this is one of the reasons, why the researchers develop the directed energy weapons, DEW. The Iron Beam lasers can replenish the Iron Dome.

The drones and LED lights can be used to hide incoming missiles behind them. The killer drones can also try to harm the AA missile bases. Remotely controlled drones can involve targeting transmitters. The enemy agents can try to land that kind of transmitter on the roofs of targeted houses, and then those missiles and drones aim at that target. So military forces are testing or using laser microwave weapons (like Iron Beam, THEL, and THOR) to destroy drone swarms. One of the solutions can be the electromagnetic pulse, EMP that destroys drone computers.  The high-power microwave systems can affect the drone swarm as an entirety. The high-power radio impulses can also used to jam the drone communication. 

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20385306

https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/lockheed-martin-israels-rafael-develop-laser-weapon-system-2022-12-05

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_High_Energy_Laser

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THOR_(weapon)

Nuclear bombs can turn asteroids.

"A plume erupts from Dimorphos as the DART mission impacts the asteroid moonlet in this artist’s concept. Such kinetic impacts are one way an asteroid might be deflected — but a new study suggests nuclear bombs could also be effective. Credit: ESA" (Astronomy.com /Nuclear bombs really could deflect asteroids, lab tests suggest)

Sometimes people say that nuclear explosions will break the large asteroid into pieces. The fact is that the 500-meter asteroid causes less damage if it is in smaller pieces than in one large piece. But a large group of small asteroids can cause terrible damage in another way than some large asteroids, which can make large impact craters and megatsunamis. Asteroid debris can destroy large numbers of satellites. Large groups of small asteroids can raise the temperature in the planet's atmosphere. 

In the worst scenarios, those asteroids or their impact energy turn the atmosphere glowing hot. That can be an extremely dangerous situation. The asteroid swarms are the thing that researchers can turn away using nuclear explosives. The nuke is detonated on another side of the asteroid group, and that detonation can vaporize material from the other side of those asteroids. And then that can turn their direction. 

The effect of the nuclear explosion depends on where that nuke detonates. If the researchers can drill holes in the asteroid core or center of the asteroid, and detonate high-yield nuke in there. That thing can vaporize the entire asteroid. Another way is to detonate the nuke at another side of the steroid. And that detonation makes the asteroid shell vaporize, and that vaporized material pushes the asteroid away from its course. 

"Schematic of the DART mission shows the impact on the moonlet of asteroid (65803) Didymos. Post-impact observations from Earth-based optical telescopes and planetary radar would, in turn, measure the change in the moonlet’s orbit about the parent body." (Wikipedia/Double Asteroid Redirection Test)

If the asteroid is water ice the nuclear explosion can easily vaporize it. If we think about big asteroids like Ceres, there could be water ocean under its ice. If a nuclear detonator detonates in that ocean it opens a hole in the ice, and that can turn water into a rocket engine. The biggest problems are not large-size asteroids whose trajectory is well-known. 

The biggest problems are the small irregular-shaped silicone, metal, or carbon asteroids. If the last one's carbon is in crystal form. They can travel through the atmosphere. Those asteroids are hard to detect. And sometimes the sensor sees them in the last moments. If less than 100 meters asteroid hits to city area, it causes extreme large-scale destruction. 

The DART mission was a successful attempt to turn an asteroid using kinetic penetrators. That was a primitive system, and we need more powerful and effective systems. If we want to avoid cosmic stone hitting our heads. That kind of hit is dangerous and we know cases from other solar systems like the Formalhault B case where cosmic impact may destroy a planet in a mature solar system. That thing should warn us that also mature solar systems are dangerous and there is always a possibility that cosmic impact will destroy entire planets. 

Nuclear explosives allow to turn large groups of objects away from their course. They are effective tools for planetary defense. Normally researchers could use things. Like rocket engines to turn small asteroids out from their course. 

There is the possibility to use small space shuttles that close asteroids into the net made of mylar or some other hard material. Those space systems can push those asteroids out from the course. 

But the problem is that those systems must detect asteroids soon enough. In worst cases. There are only a couple of hours for us, to react to the asteroid impact. And that causes the need to use something more radical than gently push. The fact is this: also drilling holes in the asteroid center for nuke takes time. In the worst case, deep space surveillance detects an asteroid when it already passed Earth. And that is too late. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/nuclear-bombs-really-could-deflect-asteroids-lab-tests-suggest/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut_b

New prostheses and robot vehicles are impressive.

"Experimental tests on robotic prosthesis: clothespin. Credit: © 2024 Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna" (ScitechDaily, “It Feels Like I’m Moving My Own Hand” – Science Fiction Comes to Life With Magnetic Prosthetic Hands)

The new advances in AI and computing make it possible to create new advanced robots. Those robots can transmit their senses to their users. 

New advances in robotics and AI are tools that are making new solutions that seem like SciFi possible.  By using those new tools researchers can make prostheses with touch and self or half -self-driving cars possible. The prosthesis with a sense of touch is a big thing. We all know that. But it can be even bigger than we ever imagined. That system allows to creation of new tools like external bodies. The external body, or exobody means remotely controlled robots that can transmit a sense of touch and all other senses to the user. 

This thing makes those robots very good tools for things like high-risk missions in civil and military sectors. The ability to transmit a sense of touch to users makes also things like space suits and high-pressure diving equipment more useful than they are now.

Self-driving cars are also interesting tools. If users have access to those robot vehicles' operating systems using the intelligent watch or watch phone. That allows users to call the car to take them from a certain place. The car requires only the GPS coordinates of the place, and it can drive itself to take that caller with it. This is one version of the robot cars. 

Robot cars are tools that can make many things easier than humans. That kind of car might have a small quadcopter in the chamber on the roof. This quadcopter makes it possible for the driver, to search for free parking lots. And if that quadcopter hovers above the car, it can help the AI-based parking system. These kinds of systems are tools that can make life easier. But in the wrong hands, those systems make terrible things. 

The same technology used in self-driving cars can also serve people in warehouses. The fact is that AI that operates in a limited area is easier to make than AI that operates on open roads. The system can interact with robots and it can use the personal location devices that people can use in warehouses to operate robots safely. In city areas is impossible to order people to carry personal location detectors. 

Even if the robot cars cannot drive independently safely, those systems can operate under the remote control. Remote control means that the remote driver can operate those cars. Those things are safe if there are algorithms that deny misuse of the system. If some person just sits in a front chair and then starts to sleep while the car drives independently that can cause a risk situation. 

https://bigthink.com/the-future/driving-automation/

https://scitechdaily.com/it-feels-like-im-moving-my-own-hand-science-fiction-comes-to-life-with-magnetic-prosthetic-hands/

Researchers found the origin of the black hole X-ray emission.

Visualization shows how the turbulent plasma moves in the magnetized accretion disk corona. Credit: Jani Närhi (ScitechDaily, Solving the Puzzle of X-Ray Radiation From Black Holes)

University of Helsinki researchers made a model that explains the black hole's X-ray emission. The thing is that the researchers looked too much about the gravity of the black hole. The black hole itself pulls a magnetic field inside it at the point of the event horizon. But the plasma that surrounds the black hole can form a magnetic field. 

This magnetic field makes the relativistic jet possible. The magnetic field that forms when material orbits the event horizon is the thing that forms the conditions where those X-rays can come. When particles in the magnetic field jump out from the black hole's orbiter at the point of relativistic jet impact with plasma whirling around it. 

That forms a very high temperature. There are also differences in the speed of gas in the material disk. And that forms the heat. When there is some kind of whirls in the plasma. That causes whirls in the black hole's magnetic field. 

The origin of that emission is in the interaction between plasma and magnetic field whirls. Those whirls in magnetic fields form friction and intensive heat near black holes. Even if black holes themselves have no visible magnetic field, the plasma ring and plasma bubble around them form a strong and intensive magnetic field that surrounds the event horizon. 

The X-ray lasers can take their energy from nuclear explosions or plasma whirls. 

The X-ray lasers. 

The knowledge of how black holes form the X-ray emissions allows researchers to create new and more powerful X-ray lasers. Those new X-ray laser bases in the plasma whirl, that the lasers. And other EM radiation warm. Those new X-ray systems will not require a nuclear explosion. However, nuclear explosions can create the most powerful X-ray lasers. That we can imagine. 

In the nuclear explosion method, the nuclear material will detonate around the tube where is plasma. The conventional X-ray system sends X-rays through that plasma. Then the system can pre-heat the plasma, and then the nuclear detonator detonates around that tube. 

That nuclear detonator will inject intensive energy impulses into the plasma. In some models, the system uses a neutron bomb there is a hole for the plasma system, and the plasma system is pulled through the bomb. 

Knowing how the particles interact in the plasma field when they form the X-ray emission helps to create new and powerful X-ray laser systems. In those systems, whirling plasma creates the energy level that allows to creation of a coherent X-ray beam. 

The plasma forms the cylinder-looking structure around the X-ray that travels in that cylinder. The lasers or some other EM- radiation systems increase plasma energy levels so high that they can reach a temperature that is the same as the plasma temperature around black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/solving-the-puzzle-of-x-ray-radiation-from-black-holes/

Uncertainty principle.

"Today, the Universe has evolved into the complex, life-friendly place we know it to be because we were able to form neutral atoms early on in the Universe. Yet without just the right quantum properties, the formation of stable, neutral atoms would have been delayed significantly, or might not have even occurred at all." (BigThink, What is the origin of quantum uncertainty?)

"The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other property can be known." (Wikipedia, Uncertainty principle)

The uncertainty principle means: that if we focus on one quantity. We cannot keep focus with the same accuracy on other quantities. In simpler saying, if we focus on the change in the vertical position, we cannot focus on the horizontal position. If we think that, the space is the box and there is a coordinate system we can demonstrate what the uncertainty principle means. The uncertainty principle works only in the 3D universe. In a 2D coordinate system is possible to determine the point where the particle is and where it goes with high accuracy. 

If we want to determine the particle's position in horizontal or X-axle we must look at it from above. That thing makes it impossible to determine the particle's position in a vertical or Y-axle. That is the thing that we must understand when we think about uncertainty. 

In some models, spacetime is like a 3D coordinate system. The energy level is the position in the Y-axle. And the X-axle determines the particle's physical position. And the Z -axle is the time, or, arrow of time that travels through the system. 

But then we can think that the 3D coordinate system zero point is in the middle of the box. That means that there are also negative coordinates. That thing makes it possible to model space where the time arrow takes the entirety forward. That thing means the spacetime is like the box there is the 3D coordinate system. Up and down and forward and backward are the directions where particles can go. 

Then we can imagine a situation in which we are at the same level in the vertical coordinate layer as a particle, which goes away from us or comes straight to us. We cannot see the horizontal movement of that particle. We can see that the particle grows or shrinks when it travels on the same layer at a straight angle to us. 

"The expanding Universe, full of galaxies and the complex structure we observe today, arose from a smaller, hotter, denser, more uniform state. Although the extent of the observable Universe, today, takes us out some 46 billion light-years in all directions, in the distant cosmic past, everything in space was much more compact, closer together, and occupied a much smaller volume, begging the question: what drives the expansion of the Universe, both initially, at the start of the hot Big Bang, and today, at late cosmic times, where the expansion is accelerating?" (BigThink, Ask Ethan: Why don’t we feel the Universe’s expansion accelerating?)

When the universe expands the distance of particles turns longer. Particle vaporization makes particles lighter. Because energy moves from particles to space that causes the effect that particles lose their mass, which makes gravitational interaction weaker. If we want to compile it with three other fundamental interactions (Strong and weak nuclear interactions and electromagnetism). And especially electromagnetism. That makes universe expansion accelerate all the time. 

So if we want to observe changes in the system, we must be outside the system. 

This thing is a good example of how difficult is to notice changes in the system if the observer is in the middle of it.  The universe expands all the time, but it's hard to see that expansion. The distance between objects is relative. That means that the objects can turn more distant from each other, but they can seem to be at the same distance. The thing in the universe's expansion is that the universe expands and that makes the quantum fields in it weaker. 

And that causes an interesting phenomenon. The particles expand with the universe. When the universe expands. That turns the space around particles larger. The energy level in the universe decreases. Because all known energy and material are in the universe. The expansion causes a decrease in the energy level. 

The expansion of the universe makes energy flow from the particles into the space. And there is a theory that dark energy is energy, that comes from still-unknown particle structures. The thing that sends dark energy can be some kind of still unknown structure in particles. 

That thing causes interesting visions about dark matter. If dark energy is wave movement, there could be the Schwinger effect. The crossing dark wave movement can create dark matter and anti-dark matter particles, and then those unseen particles' annihilation forms dark energy. The idea is that weakly interacting massive particle WIMP is capable of interacting with other WIMP. And maybe that thing can explain the dark energy the force, that rips the universe in pieces. But that is only one of many hypotheses about the origin of the dark energy. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/origin-quantum-uncertainty/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/why-feel-the-universe-expansion-accelerating/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle

Slime mold cyborgs are interesting opportunities for material or medical research.

"A photo of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum growing in a petri dish. Credit: Nirosha Murugan, Levin lab, Tufts University and Wyss Institute at Harvard University" (ScitechDaily, Slimy Action at a Distance: Thinking Without a Brain)

Researchers created a hydrogel brain that shows the ability to deep learning. Theoretically, the simple hydrogel can learn to play ping-pong. Or simple computer games. The problem with learning hydrogel is how to transfer information into and out of it. If that thing can be done that is a great breakthrough in robotics.  These kinds of advances are things. That makes it possible to create robot amoebas. Those soft-shell robot amoebas are tools that can carry things like medicines or observation tools to places. Those are hard to reach.

The cyborg-slime molds can use the hydrogel to control their behavior. In some interesting possibilities, the system can combine this hydrogel with slime molds. That kind of hydrogel can control the actions of the slime molds. Another thing that interests researchers is slime molds. Those creatures can make very complicated decisions without brains. That thing makes them tools, that are making the next-generation robots possible. 

The cyborg slime molds can have multiple applications. Those things can clean surfaces. But when researchers connect things like artificial DNA to those things, those kinds of tools can be more powerful than ever before. Genetically engineered slime molds can produce antibiotics. 

The ability to store information in the DNA requires complete knowledge of the DNA and its base pairs. The ability to use DNA as data storage makes it possible to create artificial DNA that can transform any organism into another one. That thing is the ultimate tool for medical research. The slime molds can used to clean the body if the system can control them precisely. 

The slime molds can create spider silk or a similar shell as corals. And that makes it possible to use them as the living patch for holes. There is also the possibility to transform genomes that make scaling bacteria make the shell over their cultures. That kind of ability makes it possible to create biological patches that can close the leaks in structures. 

The slime molds can used to clean blood vessels. Or they can travel to the points where the system finds tumors. In some visions, the nanorobots can mark those tumors for the slime mold. That kind of liquid cyborg can used to destroy larger-size hostile organisms like some parasite worms or amoebas. The slime mold cyborgs can repair any part of the human body. That requires the ability to precisely control the slime molds. 

Genetically engineered cyborg amoebas can cover wounds, and then clean them.  In some visions, the genetically engineered slime molds can cover the burns, and then clean those wounds. And after that, those cells can transform into human skin cells. That thing requires that the artificial DNA involves three stages. 

First, the slime mold moves over the wound. In the second stage, it creates antibiotics and removes dangerous bacteria. In the last stage, the DNA transforms those cells into skin cells. Those things can form any cell groups that are in the human body. The system just requires the DNA sequence that makes those cells. 

https://scitechdaily.com/brainless-slime-mold-physarum-polycephalum-shows-intelligence/

https://scitechdaily.com/memory-without-a-brain-how-a-single-cell-slime-mold-makes-smart-decisions/

https://scitechdaily.com/pong-prodigy-hydrogel-brain-defies-expectations-with-deep-learning/

https://scitechdaily.com/slimy-action-at-a-distance-thinking-without-a-brain/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-next-frontier-dna-emerges-as-a-powerhouse-for-data-storage-and-computing/

The waving light over kagome metals

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"A diagram of the Kagome metal cesium vanadium antimonide showing plasmon waves moving through the material. Credit: Guangxin Ni" (ScitechDaily, Weaving Light: Unraveling the Quantum Lattice of Kagome Metals)

Graphene is not the only interesting 2D material in the world. The metal combinations called Kagome metals can also create the 2D metal structure. Kagome metals have a triangular 2D shape. That shape is like Kagome. The optical Kagome lattices are always interesting, but modern technology can make it possible to create Kagome nanostructures. The plasmons that travel through that structure make it possible to manipulate the nano-scale optical abilities of that material. 

The Kagome metals can used to aim electric impulses to the target. The Kagome structure can collect electromagnetic waves from the air. And then aim it at one point. That thing requires that Kagome. Which collects radiation and has a triangular shape. This thing allows us to transmit information and energy into plasmon. And that manipulates plasma oscillation. 

The system can collect energy from plasmon. That travels in it, into one point. And plasmons that travel in 2D Kagome metal structure, can manipulate light waves over the lattice. In this process, the laser beam that injects energy into the plasmon can form waves in the Kagome lattice. The thing is that those light waves can used to give new abilities for new quantum materials. 

Wikipedia describes plasmons like this: "In physics, a plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation. Just as light (an optical oscillation) consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons. The plasmon can be considered as a quasiparticle since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations." (Wikipedia, Plasmon)

Above: Optical Kagome. 

Thus, plasmons are collective (a discrete number) oscillations of the free electron gas density. For example, at optical frequencies, plasmons can couple with a photon to create another quasiparticle called a plasmon polariton. The field of study and manipulation of plasmons is called plasmonics." (Wikipedia, Plasmon)

"In physics, polaritons are quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation.[example needed] They are an expression of the common quantum phenomenon known as level repulsion, also known as the avoided crossing principle. Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any interacting resonance. " (Wikipedia, Polariton)

"To this extent, polaritons can also be thought of as the new normal modes of a given material or structure arising from the strong coupling of the bare modes, which are the photon and the dipolar oscillation. The polariton is a bosonic quasiparticle, and should not be confused with the polaron (a fermionic quasiparticle), which is an electron plus an attached phonon cloud." (Wikipedia, Polariton)

Researchers noticed the plasmons that travel through Kagome metal called Cesium-Vanadium-Antimonide (CsV3Sb5) cause light waves above that structure. That knowledge is interesting in nano-optics. The nano-optical phenomenon opens new routes in new optical systems. That makes new and smaller robots possible. However, the ability to control those light waves makes it possible to create structures. That is invisible to the human eye. The idea is that plasmons can manipulate the wavelength of the reflecting light. 

https://scitechdaily.com/weaving-light-unraveling-the-quantum-lattice-of-kagome-metals/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariton