Researchers found the origin of the black hole X-ray emission.

Visualization shows how the turbulent plasma moves in the magnetized accretion disk corona. Credit: Jani Närhi (ScitechDaily, Solving the Puzzle of X-Ray Radiation From Black Holes)

University of Helsinki researchers made a model that explains the black hole's X-ray emission. The thing is that the researchers looked too much about the gravity of the black hole. The black hole itself pulls a magnetic field inside it at the point of the event horizon. But the plasma that surrounds the black hole can form a magnetic field. 

This magnetic field makes the relativistic jet possible. The magnetic field that forms when material orbits the event horizon is the thing that forms the conditions where those X-rays can come. When particles in the magnetic field jump out from the black hole's orbiter at the point of relativistic jet impact with plasma whirling around it. 

That forms a very high temperature. There are also differences in the speed of gas in the material disk. And that forms the heat. When there is some kind of whirls in the plasma. That causes whirls in the black hole's magnetic field. 

The origin of that emission is in the interaction between plasma and magnetic field whirls. Those whirls in magnetic fields form friction and intensive heat near black holes. Even if black holes themselves have no visible magnetic field, the plasma ring and plasma bubble around them form a strong and intensive magnetic field that surrounds the event horizon. 

The X-ray lasers can take their energy from nuclear explosions or plasma whirls. 

The X-ray lasers. 

The knowledge of how black holes form the X-ray emissions allows researchers to create new and more powerful X-ray lasers. Those new X-ray laser bases in the plasma whirl, that the lasers. And other EM radiation warm. Those new X-ray systems will not require a nuclear explosion. However, nuclear explosions can create the most powerful X-ray lasers. That we can imagine. 

In the nuclear explosion method, the nuclear material will detonate around the tube where is plasma. The conventional X-ray system sends X-rays through that plasma. Then the system can pre-heat the plasma, and then the nuclear detonator detonates around that tube. 

That nuclear detonator will inject intensive energy impulses into the plasma. In some models, the system uses a neutron bomb there is a hole for the plasma system, and the plasma system is pulled through the bomb. 

Knowing how the particles interact in the plasma field when they form the X-ray emission helps to create new and powerful X-ray laser systems. In those systems, whirling plasma creates the energy level that allows to creation of a coherent X-ray beam. 

The plasma forms the cylinder-looking structure around the X-ray that travels in that cylinder. The lasers or some other EM- radiation systems increase plasma energy levels so high that they can reach a temperature that is the same as the plasma temperature around black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/solving-the-puzzle-of-x-ray-radiation-from-black-holes/

Uncertainty principle.

"Today, the Universe has evolved into the complex, life-friendly place we know it to be because we were able to form neutral atoms early on in the Universe. Yet without just the right quantum properties, the formation of stable, neutral atoms would have been delayed significantly, or might not have even occurred at all." (BigThink, What is the origin of quantum uncertainty?)

"The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other property can be known." (Wikipedia, Uncertainty principle)

The uncertainty principle means: that if we focus on one quantity. We cannot keep focus with the same accuracy on other quantities. In simpler saying, if we focus on the change in the vertical position, we cannot focus on the horizontal position. If we think that, the space is the box and there is a coordinate system we can demonstrate what the uncertainty principle means. The uncertainty principle works only in the 3D universe. In a 2D coordinate system is possible to determine the point where the particle is and where it goes with high accuracy. 

If we want to determine the particle's position in horizontal or X-axle we must look at it from above. That thing makes it impossible to determine the particle's position in a vertical or Y-axle. That is the thing that we must understand when we think about uncertainty. 

In some models, spacetime is like a 3D coordinate system. The energy level is the position in the Y-axle. And the X-axle determines the particle's physical position. And the Z -axle is the time, or, arrow of time that travels through the system. 

But then we can think that the 3D coordinate system zero point is in the middle of the box. That means that there are also negative coordinates. That thing makes it possible to model space where the time arrow takes the entirety forward. That thing means the spacetime is like the box there is the 3D coordinate system. Up and down and forward and backward are the directions where particles can go. 

Then we can imagine a situation in which we are at the same level in the vertical coordinate layer as a particle, which goes away from us or comes straight to us. We cannot see the horizontal movement of that particle. We can see that the particle grows or shrinks when it travels on the same layer at a straight angle to us. 

"The expanding Universe, full of galaxies and the complex structure we observe today, arose from a smaller, hotter, denser, more uniform state. Although the extent of the observable Universe, today, takes us out some 46 billion light-years in all directions, in the distant cosmic past, everything in space was much more compact, closer together, and occupied a much smaller volume, begging the question: what drives the expansion of the Universe, both initially, at the start of the hot Big Bang, and today, at late cosmic times, where the expansion is accelerating?" (BigThink, Ask Ethan: Why don’t we feel the Universe’s expansion accelerating?)

When the universe expands the distance of particles turns longer. Particle vaporization makes particles lighter. Because energy moves from particles to space that causes the effect that particles lose their mass, which makes gravitational interaction weaker. If we want to compile it with three other fundamental interactions (Strong and weak nuclear interactions and electromagnetism). And especially electromagnetism. That makes universe expansion accelerate all the time. 

So if we want to observe changes in the system, we must be outside the system. 

This thing is a good example of how difficult is to notice changes in the system if the observer is in the middle of it.  The universe expands all the time, but it's hard to see that expansion. The distance between objects is relative. That means that the objects can turn more distant from each other, but they can seem to be at the same distance. The thing in the universe's expansion is that the universe expands and that makes the quantum fields in it weaker. 

And that causes an interesting phenomenon. The particles expand with the universe. When the universe expands. That turns the space around particles larger. The energy level in the universe decreases. Because all known energy and material are in the universe. The expansion causes a decrease in the energy level. 

The expansion of the universe makes energy flow from the particles into the space. And there is a theory that dark energy is energy, that comes from still-unknown particle structures. The thing that sends dark energy can be some kind of still unknown structure in particles. 

That thing causes interesting visions about dark matter. If dark energy is wave movement, there could be the Schwinger effect. The crossing dark wave movement can create dark matter and anti-dark matter particles, and then those unseen particles' annihilation forms dark energy. The idea is that weakly interacting massive particle WIMP is capable of interacting with other WIMP. And maybe that thing can explain the dark energy the force, that rips the universe in pieces. But that is only one of many hypotheses about the origin of the dark energy. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/origin-quantum-uncertainty/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/why-feel-the-universe-expansion-accelerating/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle

Slime mold cyborgs are interesting opportunities for material or medical research.

"A photo of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum growing in a petri dish. Credit: Nirosha Murugan, Levin lab, Tufts University and Wyss Institute at Harvard University" (ScitechDaily, Slimy Action at a Distance: Thinking Without a Brain)

Researchers created a hydrogel brain that shows the ability to deep learning. Theoretically, the simple hydrogel can learn to play ping-pong. Or simple computer games. The problem with learning hydrogel is how to transfer information into and out of it. If that thing can be done that is a great breakthrough in robotics.  These kinds of advances are things. That makes it possible to create robot amoebas. Those soft-shell robot amoebas are tools that can carry things like medicines or observation tools to places. Those are hard to reach.

The cyborg-slime molds can use the hydrogel to control their behavior. In some interesting possibilities, the system can combine this hydrogel with slime molds. That kind of hydrogel can control the actions of the slime molds. Another thing that interests researchers is slime molds. Those creatures can make very complicated decisions without brains. That thing makes them tools, that are making the next-generation robots possible. 

The cyborg slime molds can have multiple applications. Those things can clean surfaces. But when researchers connect things like artificial DNA to those things, those kinds of tools can be more powerful than ever before. Genetically engineered slime molds can produce antibiotics. 

The ability to store information in the DNA requires complete knowledge of the DNA and its base pairs. The ability to use DNA as data storage makes it possible to create artificial DNA that can transform any organism into another one. That thing is the ultimate tool for medical research. The slime molds can used to clean the body if the system can control them precisely. 

The slime molds can create spider silk or a similar shell as corals. And that makes it possible to use them as the living patch for holes. There is also the possibility to transform genomes that make scaling bacteria make the shell over their cultures. That kind of ability makes it possible to create biological patches that can close the leaks in structures. 

The slime molds can used to clean blood vessels. Or they can travel to the points where the system finds tumors. In some visions, the nanorobots can mark those tumors for the slime mold. That kind of liquid cyborg can used to destroy larger-size hostile organisms like some parasite worms or amoebas. The slime mold cyborgs can repair any part of the human body. That requires the ability to precisely control the slime molds. 

Genetically engineered cyborg amoebas can cover wounds, and then clean them.  In some visions, the genetically engineered slime molds can cover the burns, and then clean those wounds. And after that, those cells can transform into human skin cells. That thing requires that the artificial DNA involves three stages. 

First, the slime mold moves over the wound. In the second stage, it creates antibiotics and removes dangerous bacteria. In the last stage, the DNA transforms those cells into skin cells. Those things can form any cell groups that are in the human body. The system just requires the DNA sequence that makes those cells. 

https://scitechdaily.com/brainless-slime-mold-physarum-polycephalum-shows-intelligence/

https://scitechdaily.com/memory-without-a-brain-how-a-single-cell-slime-mold-makes-smart-decisions/

https://scitechdaily.com/pong-prodigy-hydrogel-brain-defies-expectations-with-deep-learning/

https://scitechdaily.com/slimy-action-at-a-distance-thinking-without-a-brain/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-next-frontier-dna-emerges-as-a-powerhouse-for-data-storage-and-computing/

The waving light over kagome metals

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"A diagram of the Kagome metal cesium vanadium antimonide showing plasmon waves moving through the material. Credit: Guangxin Ni" (ScitechDaily, Weaving Light: Unraveling the Quantum Lattice of Kagome Metals)

Graphene is not the only interesting 2D material in the world. The metal combinations called Kagome metals can also create the 2D metal structure. Kagome metals have a triangular 2D shape. That shape is like Kagome. The optical Kagome lattices are always interesting, but modern technology can make it possible to create Kagome nanostructures. The plasmons that travel through that structure make it possible to manipulate the nano-scale optical abilities of that material. 

The Kagome metals can used to aim electric impulses to the target. The Kagome structure can collect electromagnetic waves from the air. And then aim it at one point. That thing requires that Kagome. Which collects radiation and has a triangular shape. This thing allows us to transmit information and energy into plasmon. And that manipulates plasma oscillation. 

The system can collect energy from plasmon. That travels in it, into one point. And plasmons that travel in 2D Kagome metal structure, can manipulate light waves over the lattice. In this process, the laser beam that injects energy into the plasmon can form waves in the Kagome lattice. The thing is that those light waves can used to give new abilities for new quantum materials. 

Wikipedia describes plasmons like this: "In physics, a plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation. Just as light (an optical oscillation) consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons. The plasmon can be considered as a quasiparticle since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations." (Wikipedia, Plasmon)

Above: Optical Kagome. 

Thus, plasmons are collective (a discrete number) oscillations of the free electron gas density. For example, at optical frequencies, plasmons can couple with a photon to create another quasiparticle called a plasmon polariton. The field of study and manipulation of plasmons is called plasmonics." (Wikipedia, Plasmon)

"In physics, polaritons are quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation.[example needed] They are an expression of the common quantum phenomenon known as level repulsion, also known as the avoided crossing principle. Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any interacting resonance. " (Wikipedia, Polariton)

"To this extent, polaritons can also be thought of as the new normal modes of a given material or structure arising from the strong coupling of the bare modes, which are the photon and the dipolar oscillation. The polariton is a bosonic quasiparticle, and should not be confused with the polaron (a fermionic quasiparticle), which is an electron plus an attached phonon cloud." (Wikipedia, Polariton)

Researchers noticed the plasmons that travel through Kagome metal called Cesium-Vanadium-Antimonide (CsV3Sb5) cause light waves above that structure. That knowledge is interesting in nano-optics. The nano-optical phenomenon opens new routes in new optical systems. That makes new and smaller robots possible. However, the ability to control those light waves makes it possible to create structures. That is invisible to the human eye. The idea is that plasmons can manipulate the wavelength of the reflecting light. 

https://scitechdaily.com/weaving-light-unraveling-the-quantum-lattice-of-kagome-metals/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariton

Researchers made the banana fly young again.

"Researchers track the intestinal health of fruit flies with a blue dye, hence the name Smurf. Fruit fly intestines damaged by aging leak the blue dye, this image shows an HRJD-modified fly on the left and an unmodified fly of the same age on the right. Credit: ©2024 Hiroki Nagai CC-BY-ND" (ScitechDaily, Anti-Aging Treatment Breakthrough: Japanese Scientists’ Regenerative Gene Transfer Success)

Japanese researchers made banana flies younger using gene transfer. The ability to transfer genomes between young and old individuals and make elder individuals younger is an interesting thing. The gene transfer that made older banana flies younger is the first step in the process which end can be immortality. The ability to turn the individual younger is theoretically a very simple process. 

The system must just change the DNA in the cells, and then the individual can turn younger. The problem is this: how to get fresh DNA. The thing that causes aging is the damage to the DNA. 

Outside effects like chemical stress. And radiation, and things like cell metabolism cause DNA damage. That damage breaks the chemical code in the molecule. 

The thing that makes forever youth dangerous or difficult is that the DNA that the system must transfer must be the individual's own. Theoretically is possible to copy the individual's DNA code into the computer's memory just after the individual is born. 

And then, nanotechnology makes a copy of that molecule. The problem is that all DNA parts have some purpose. And the "Junk DNA" means sequences that cells don't read very often. Those sequences control the advancement of neural systems. If there are errors in the neural structures the person might turn something that nobody wants. 

Another way to make the individual young again is to use the stem cells that are stored in liquid nitrogen. Those stem cells can act as DNA storage that the system uses when it creates new stem cells. The problem is this. Stem cells must be taken before the individual is born. 

Maybe somewhere in the future, all people have DNA, stored in cryogenics. Researchers can store the DNA in digital form. However, researchers can use things like RNA chips to create stable DNA or RNA storage in some laboratories. But when researchers make the DNA transfer. They must destroy the old DNA from the cells. 

Another thing that researchers require is. They must make the DNA transfer into a cell group. That is large enough. The artificial virus that puts enzyme fiber before the DNA can make that DNA transfer. The idea is that the enzyme acid destroys the DNA before the virus transfers the new DNA into the targeted cell. 

If that thing is possible someday. That thing brings new visions for medical and anti-aging treatment. The ability to change the DNA in the cells is an interesting thing. 

https://scitechdaily.com/anti-aging-treatment-breakthrough-japanese-scientists-regenerative-gene-transfer-success/