Remarkable possibilities of hypersonic technology.

Above: X-43 thermal image.

The hypersonic aircraft can travel over the Atlantic Ocean in 30 minutes. That means the entire world in three or at least 5 hours range from the base, where that kind of aircraft stays. Hypersonic aircraft that use hydrogen as fuel don't leave pollution behind them.

That means the hypersonic aircraft can be excellent tools for cargo and passenger flights. But the problem is that. Hypersonic aircraft are also weapons. The hypersonic aircraft can turn into a powerful kamikaze drone even if it cannot drop bombs.

Diagram of a typical gas turbine jet engine.

Connecting rocket applications with turbojets is possible to create spacecraft, that can operate from regular runways. In rocket turbojet, the hatch closes the air inlet and engine compressor face. The reason for that is this. By closing the air inlet the system denies the gas flow to the front of the engine. Then the system starts to inject oxygen with propellant to the turbo-engine.

New technology like acoustic systems that can push pressure waves away from the aircraft body makes it possible for the hypersonic aircraft, whose speed is about Mach 5-20 can operate in multiple altitudes. The hypersonic systems can use regular rocket engines like Kinzhal missiles do. But more advanced systems will use air-breathing engine systems like ramjets and scramjets.

Diagram of a valved pulsejet.

1 - Air enters through valve and is mixed with fuel.

2 - The mixture is ignited, expands, closes the valve and exits through the tailpipe, creating thrust.

3 - Low pressure in the engine opens the valve and draws in air.

The pulsejet engine that is turned into a ramjet shape can be the answer to the hypersonic aircraft's problem. The pulsejet engine that was developed for the V-1 cruise missile in WWII can give the possibility to make new types of rocket systems. Pulsejet can be a breathing system at lower speeds. Then the pulsejet can close its air inlet. Then the system can start to inject liquid oxygen into the combustion chamber.

That kind of engine makes it possible for the shuttle, which operates from regular runways and fly to space. In the atmosphere that kind of system can use an air-breathing pulsejet engine. And when the craft is required to operate at the edge of the atmosphere. Or the orbital trajectory. The aircraft closes the pulsejet's front hatch. Then the engine starts oxygen injection into the hydrogen fuel.

"Simple ramjet operation, with Mach numbers of flow shown" (Wikipedia, Ramjet)

In some more futuristic models, the tractor beam could pull air to the ramjet engine. Or, an ionizer will ionize the air molecules, that the magnetic system pulls into the ramjet engine. The limit of the ramjet is about Mach 6-7. There is a more effective version of ramjet.

"A shock-induced combustion ramjet engine (abbreviated as shcramjet; also called oblique detonation wave engine; also called standing oblique detonation ramjet (sodramjet); or simply referred to as shock-ramjet engine) is a concept of air-breathing ramjet engine, proposed to be used for hypersonic and/or single-stage-to-orbit propulsion applications. (Wikipedia, Shcramjet)

"Diagram of principle of operation of a scramjet engine." (Wikipedia, Scramjet)

In some other models, the regular turbojets raise the aircraft's speed to Mach 1. Then the ramjet engine starts to operate. Then the ramjet accelerates the aircraft to a speed that is about Mach 6. Then the scramjet will launch.

The scramjet engine can also be an afterburner for the ramjet engine. When the aircraft's speed turns high enough, the fuel injection will turn to the scramjet. Those systems are the most exotic and powerful engines in the world.

https://bigthink.com/the-future/hypersonic-flight/

https://bigthink.com/the-present/hypersonic-jet/

https://daily.jstor.org/the-alarming-possibilities-of-hypersonic-flight/

https://scitechdaily.com/not-science-fiction-researchers-have-developed-metasurface-tractor-beams/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_turborocket

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsejet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shcramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet

MIT's tractor beam can make the new types of SASER systems possible

"This chip-based "tractor-beam," which uses an intensely focused beam of light to capture and manipulate biological particles without damaging the cells, could help biologists study the mechanisms of diseases."(Interesting Engineering, MIT’s Star Wars-inspired ‘tractor beam’ uses light to capture, manipulate cells) MIT's tractor beam can make the new types of SASER systems possible. The tractor beam just hovers the nanoparticle in air or medium, and then the laser or some other electromagnetic system transports oscillation into those particles. The ability to make cells and other particles hover in the system makes it possible to create particles whose energy level or resonance frequencies are accurately calculated things. That thing makes it possible to create things that transmit wave movement accurately and cleanly. This is one version of the use of a tractor beam. Modern tractor beams are like acoustic tweezers where sound waves lock the object in its cr

The new observations tell that the thunderstorms form gamma-rays. That could make gamma-ray lasers possible.

"An illustration of NASA’s research plane ER-2 flying over thunderstorms. Credit: University of Bergen / Mount Visual (CC BY 4.0), edited" (ScitechDaily, Surprising Discovery: NASA’s Retrofitted U2 Spy Plane Reveals Tropical Lightning Storms Are Radioactive) The new observations tell that the thunderstorms form gamma-rays. That could make gamma-ray lasers possible. The process has been observed by the NASA (Lockheed) ER-2 research plane, which is a modified U-2 spy plane. The gamma-ray formation in thunderstorms. Where lightning and electric fields release electrons that impact the air molecules and water droplets is an interesting thing. That thing opens the route to solving many mysteries. "The general physics behind how thunderstorms create high-energy flashes of gamma radiation is not a mystery. As thunderstorms develop, swirling drafts drive water droplets, hail, and ice into a mixture that creates an electric charge much like rubbing a balloon on your shirt. Pos

Chinese innovations and space lasers are interesting combinations.

Above: "Tiangong is China's operational space station located in low Earth orbit. (Image credit: Alejomiranda via Getty Images)" (Scpace.com, China's space station, Tiangong: A complete guide) Chinese are close to making nuclear-powered spacecraft. Almost every day, we can read about Chinese technical advances. So are, the Chinese more innovative than Western people? Or is there some kind of difference in culture and morale between Western and Chinese societies? The Chinese superiority in hypersonic technology is one of the things that tells something about the Chinese way of making things. In China, the mission means. And the only thing that means is mission. That means that things like budgets and safety orders are far different from Western standards. If some project serves the Chinese communist party and PLA (People's Liberation Army) that guarantees unlimited resources for those projects. Chinese authorities must not care about the public opinion. If we th

Interesting and futuristic innovations

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